标签:python文件处理
说明:
主要是file()和open()函数的使用,但在查open()函数的帮助时,会有下面的说明:
>>> help(open) …… Open a file using the file() type, returns a file object.
因此,两个函数其实都是一样的,下面只用file()。
在列举file()的作用时,使用help即是很好的方法,下面则是应重点关注的内容:
close(...) | close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file. flush(...) | flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer. readline(...) | readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. readlines(...) | readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file. seek(...) | seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position. tell(...) | tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer). write(...) | write(str) -> None. Write string str to file. writelines(...) | writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file. xreadlines(...) | xreadlines() -> returns self.
1.创建文件
--基本格式:
f = file(‘test.txt‘, ‘w‘) f = write(‘Hello World!‘) f.close()
·w:写模式,文件不存在就创建,存在则自动覆盖原来的内容,只能写,不能读;
·w+:写读模式,但一开始还是会清空原来文件内容,只是在写文件之后可以读取;
·写的内容放在内存当中,如果要写入磁盘,可以f.close()关闭文件或f.flush()实时写入磁盘;
·不可以实时改变模式,只能把文件关闭后,再次打开时定义模式;
--实例:
>>> f = file(‘test.txt‘, ‘w‘) >>> f.write(‘Hello World!‘) >>> f.flush() xpleaf@xpleaf-machine:~/seminar6/day2$ more test.txt Hello World!
--write()与writelines()
·前者写入的内容只能是字符串,后者则可以写入列表:
>>> f.write([‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘c‘]) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: expected a character buffer object >>> f.writelines([‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘c‘]) >>>
2.读取文件与遍历文件内容
--基本格式:
f = file(‘test.txt‘, ‘r‘) ===>可以不加‘r‘,默认就是该模式 f = read() f.close()
·r:默认;
·r+:读写模式,可以尝试使用,每读取一行,指针就跳到下一行,写的时候,就直接覆盖掉指针指的这一行;
·rb:在windows平台下编辑的文件,在linux中用python进行读取时,模式要选择“rb”,否则有可能会出现乱码的现象,即跨平台的文件都要注意此点;
--read()、readline、readlines()与xreadlines()
·前三者都是直接把文件内容全部写入内存当中,然后再全部读取或一行一行地读取;
·都采用迭代的方式读取,即指针最开始指向第一行,读取第一行后,指针指向下一行;
-read()
·把文件内容全部读取:
>>> f = file(‘test.txt‘, ‘r‘) >>> f.read() "Hello World!\nI‘m xpleaf.\nNice to meet you!\n" >>> f.read() ‘‘ ===>内容已经读完,即指针已经在最后一行,后面没有内容
·可以用tell()查看当前指针的位置:
>>> f.tell() 43 ===>43,即是最后一个字符
·重新读取文件内容,可以f.close()后再次打开,也可以使用f.seek(0):
>>> f.seek(0) ===>重新寻址,让指针指向文件最开始 >>> f.tell() 0 >>> print f.read() Hello World! I‘m xpleaf. Nice to meet you!
-readline()
·以字符串方式,一行一行地读取文件内容:
>>> f.seek(0) >>> f.readline() ‘Hello World!\n‘ >>> f.readline() "I‘m xpleaf.\n" >>> f.readline() ‘Nice to meet you!\n‘ >>> f.readline() ‘‘
-readlines()
·以列表的方式,一行一行地读取文件内容,一行即为列表中的一个元素:
>>> f.seek(0) >>> f.readlines() [‘Hello World!\n‘, "I‘m xpleaf.\n", ‘Nice to meet you!\n‘] >>> f.readlines() []
·因此,习惯性的用法是:修改文件内容
>>> f.seek(0) >>> filelist = f.readlines() >>> print filelist [‘Hello World!\n‘, "I‘m xpleaf.\n", ‘Nice to meet you!\n‘] >>> filelist[2] = ‘See you next time!‘ >>> print filelist [‘Hello World!\n‘, "I‘m xpleaf.\n", ‘See you next time!‘]
·再以w的方式打开文件,用f.writelines(filelist)的方式写入,即可实现修改文件内容的目的;
-xreadlines()
·不是先把文件内容全部写入内存,而是每读取一行才写入一行,写下一行时即对前面内存中的内容进行回收;
·在读取较大文件时,适宜采用这种办法。
--文件内容的遍历:使用readlines()
>>> f = file(‘test.txt‘, ‘r‘) >>> filelist = f.readlines() >>> for eachline in filelist: ... print eachline, ... Hello World! I‘m xpleaf. Nice to meet you!
3.文件内容追加
--基本格式:
f = file(‘test.txt‘, ‘w‘) f = write(‘Hello World!‘) f.close()
·文件内容追加到最后一行上,如果最后一行有‘\n‘,则追加到下一行;
--实例:
>>> f = file(‘test.txt‘, ‘a‘) >>> f.write(‘See you next time!‘) >>> f.write(‘I will miss you much!\n‘) >>> f.flush() xpleaf@xpleaf-machine:~/seminar6/day2$ cat test.txt Hello World! I‘m xpleaf. Nice to meet you! See you next time!I will miss you much!
4.文件内容替换
--基本格式:
import fileinput for line in fileinput.input(‘filepath‘, inplace = 1): line = line.replace(‘oldtext‘, ‘newtext‘) print line,
·inplace = 1,表示要修改文件内的内容,默认值为0,表示不修改文件内容,加“print line,”时只打印内存中修改的内容(看下面例子);
·inplace = 1时,如果不加“print line,”,原来文件内容会为空;
·可以额外加backup参数,表示在修改文件内容时进行备份;
--实例:
-正确操作:
>>> import fileinput >>> for line in fileinput.input(‘test.txt‘, inplace = 1, backup = ‘.ori‘): ... line = line.replace(‘Hello World!‘, ‘Hello, everyone!‘) ... print line, ... xpleaf@xpleaf-machine:~/seminar6/day2$ ls -l test* -rw-rw-r-- 1 xpleaf xpleaf 87 9月 4 15:32 test.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 xpleaf xpleaf 83 9月 4 15:19 test.txt.ori xpleaf@xpleaf-machine:~/seminar6/day2$ cat test.txt Hello, everyone! I‘m xpleaf. Nice to meet you! See you next time!I will miss you much!
-如果没有加inplace = 1时:
>>> for line in fileinput.input(‘test.txt‘): ... line = line.replace(‘Nice‘, ‘Well‘) ... print line, ... Hello, everyone! I‘m xpleaf. Well to meet you! See you next time!I will miss you much! xpleaf@xpleaf-machine:~/seminar6/day2$ cat test.txt Hello, everyone! I‘m xpleaf. Nice to meet you! See you next time!I will miss you much!
-如果没有加“print line,”时:
>>> for line in fileinput.input(‘test.txt‘): ... line = line.replace(‘Nice‘, ‘Well‘) ... >>> for line in fileinput.input(‘test.txt‘, inplace = 1): ... line = line.replace(‘Hello‘, ‘Hey‘) ... xpleaf@xpleaf-machine:~/seminar6/day2$ cat test.txt xpleaf@xpleaf-machine:~/seminar6/day2$ ===>文件内容已被清空
本文出自 “香飘叶子” 博客,请务必保留此出处http://xpleaf.blog.51cto.com/9315560/1691329
标签:python文件处理
原文地址:http://xpleaf.blog.51cto.com/9315560/1691329