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SQL Server T-SQL高级查询

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基本常用查询

  1 --select
  2 select * from student;
  3 
  4 --all 查询所有
  5 select all sex from student;
  6 
  7 --distinct 过滤重复
  8 select distinct sex from student;
  9 
 10 --count 统计
 11 select count(*) from student;
 12 select count(sex) from student;
 13 select count(distinct sex) from student;
 14 
 15 --top 取前N条记录
 16 select top 3 * from student;
 17 
 18 --alias column name 列重命名
 19 select id as 编号, name 名称, sex 性别 from student;
 20 
 21 --alias table name 表重命名
 22 select id, name, s.id, s.name from student s;
 23 
 24 --column 列运算
 25 select (age + id) col from student;
 26 select s.name + - + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id;
 27 
 28 --where 条件
 29 select * from student where id = 2;
 30 select * from student where id > 7;
 31 select * from student where id < 3;
 32 select * from student where id <> 3;
 33 select * from student where id >= 3;
 34 select * from student where id <= 5;
 35 select * from student where id !> 3;
 36 select * from student where id !< 5;
 37 
 38 --and 并且
 39 select * from student where id > 2 and sex = 1;
 40 
 41 --or 或者
 42 select * from student where id = 2 or sex = 1;
 43 
 44 --between ... and ... 相当于并且
 45 select * from student where id between 2 and 5;
 46 select * from student where id not between 2 and 5;
 47 
 48 --like 模糊查询
 49 select * from student where name like  %a%;
 50 select * from student where name like  %[a][o]%;
 51 select * from student where name not like  %a%;
 52 select * from student where name like ja%;
 53 select * from student where name not like %[j,n]%;
 54 select * from student where name like %[j,n,a]%;
 55 select * from student where name like %[^ja,as,on]%;
 56 select * from student where name like %[ja_on]%;
 57 
 58 --in 子查询
 59 select * from student where id in (1, 2);
 60 
 61 --not in 不在其中
 62 select * from student where id not in (1, 2);
 63 
 64 --is null 是空
 65 select * from student where age is null;
 66 
 67 --is not null 不为空
 68 select * from student where age is not null;
 69 
 70 --order by 排序
 71 select * from student order by name;
 72 select * from student order by name desc;
 73 select * from student order by name asc;
 74 
 75 --group by 分组
 76 --按照年龄进行分组统计
 77 select count(age), age from student group by age;
 78 --按照性别进行分组统计
 79 select count(*), sex from student group by sex;
 80 --按照年龄和性别组合分组统计,并排序
 81 select count(*), sex from student group by sex, age order by age;
 82 --按照性别分组,并且是id大于2的记录最后按照性别排序
 83 select count(*), sex from student where id > 2 group by sex order by sex;
 84 --查询id大于2的数据,并完成运算后的结果进行分组和排序
 85 select count(*), (sex * id) new from student where id > 2 group by sex * id order by sex * id;
 86 
 87 --group by all 所有分组
 88 --按照年龄分组,是所有的年龄
 89 select count(*), age from student group by all age;
 90 
 91 --having 分组过滤条件
 92 --按照年龄分组,过滤年龄为空的数据,并且统计分组的条数和现实年龄信息
 93 select count(*), age from student group by age having age is not null;
 94 
 95 --按照年龄和cid组合分组,过滤条件是cid大于1的记录
 96 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1;
 97 
 98 --按照年龄分组,过滤条件是分组后的记录条数大于等于2
 99 select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2;
100 
101 --按照cid和性别组合分组,过滤条件是cid大于1,cid的最大值大于2
102 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2;
103 
104 Ø 嵌套子查询
105     子查询是一个嵌套在select、insert、update或delete语句或其他子查询中的查询。任何允许使用表达式的地方都可以使用子查询。子查询也称为内部查询或内部选择,而包含子查询的语句也成为外部查询或外部选择。
106 # from (selecttable)示例
107 将一个table的查询结果当做一个新表进行查询
108 select * from (
109     select id, name from student where sex = 1
110 ) t where t.id > 2;
111 上面括号中的语句,就是子查询语句(内部查询)。在外面的是外部查询,其中外部查询可以包含以下语句:
112      1、 包含常规选择列表组件的常规select查询
113      2、 包含一个或多个表或视图名称的常规from语句
114      3、 可选的where子句
115      4、 可选的group by子句
116      5、 可选的having子句
117 # 示例
118 查询班级信息,统计班级学生人生
119 select *, (select count(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num 
120 from classes order by num;
121 
122 # in, not in子句查询示例
123 查询班级id大于小于的这些班级的学生信息
124 select * from student where cid in (
125     select id from classes where id > 2 and id < 4
126 );
127 
128 查询不是班的学生信息
129 select * from student where cid not in (
130     select id from classes where name = 2班
131 )
132 innot in 后面的子句返回的结果必须是一列,这一列的结果将会作为查询条件对应前面的条件。如cid对应子句的id;
133 
134 # exists和not exists子句查询示例
135 查询存在班级id为的学生信息
136 select * from student where exists (
137     select * from classes where id = student.cid and id = 3
138 );
139 
140 查询没有分配班级的学生信息
141 select * from student where not exists (
142     select * from classes where id = student.cid
143 );
144 exists和not exists查询需要内部查询和外部查询进行一个关联的条件,如果没有这个条件将是查询到的所有信息。如:id等于student.id;
145 
146 # someany、all子句查询示例
147 查询班级的学生年龄大于班级的学生的年龄的信息
148 select * from student where cid = 5 and age > all (
149     select age from student where cid = 3
150 );
151 
152 select * from student where cid = 5 and age > any (
153     select age from student where cid = 3
154 );
155 
156 select * from student where cid = 5 and age > some (
157     select age from student where cid = 3
158 );
  1 Ø 聚合查询
  2 1、 distinct去掉重复数据
  3 select distinct sex from student;
  4 select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student;
  5 
  6 2、 compute和compute by汇总查询
  7 --对年龄大于的进行汇总
  8 select age from student 
  9 where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age;
 10 
 11 --对年龄大于的按照性别进行分组汇总年龄信息
 12 select id, sex, age from student 
 13 where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex;
 14 
 15 --按照年龄分组汇总
 16 select age from student 
 17 where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age);
 18 
 19 --按照年龄分组,年龄汇总,id找最大值
 20 select id, age from student 
 21 where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id);
 22 compute进行汇总前面是查询的结果,后面一条结果集就是汇总的信息。compute子句中可以添加多个汇总表达式,可以添加的信息如下:
 23      a、 可选by关键字。它是每一列计算指定的行聚合
 24      b、 行聚合函数名称。包括sum、avgminmax、count等
 25      c、 要对其执行聚合函数的列
 26      compute by适合做先分组后汇总的业务。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出现的列。
 27 
 28 3、 cube汇总
 29 cube汇总和compute效果类似,但语法较简洁,而且返回的是一个结果集。
 30 select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube;
 31 select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube;
 32 cube要结合group by语句完成分组汇总
 33 
 34 Ø 排序函数
 35    排序在很多地方需要用到,需要对查询结果进行排序并且给出序号。比如:
 36    1、 对某张表进行排序,序号需要递增不重复的
 37    2、 对学生的成绩进行排序,得出名次,名次可以并列,但名次的序号是连续递增的
 38    3、 在某些排序的情况下,需要跳空序号,虽然是并列
 39 基本语法
 40 排序函数 over([分组语句] 排序子句[desc][asc])
 41 排序子句 order by 列名, 列名
 42 分组子句 partition by 分组列, 分组列
 43 # row_number函数
 44 --根据排序子句给出递增连续序号
 45 --按照名称排序的顺序递增
 46 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(order by c.name) as number from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 47 
 48 # rank函数函数
 49 --根据排序子句给出递增的序号,但是存在并列并且跳空
 50 --顺序递增
 51 select id, name, rank() over(order by cid) as rank from student;
 52 
 53 --跳过相同递增
 54 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(order by c.name) as rank 
 55 from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 56 
 57 # dense_rank函数
 58 --根据排序子句给出递增的序号,但是存在并列不跳空
 59 --不跳过,直接递增
 60 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(order by c.name) as dense from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 61 
 62 # partition by分组子句
 63 --可以完成对分组的数据进行增加排序,partition by可以与以上三个函数联合使用。
 64 --利用partition by按照班级名称分组,学生id排序
 65 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 66 
 67 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 68 
 69 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 70 
 71 # ntile平均排序函数
 72 --将要排序的数据进行平分,然后按照等分排序。ntile中的参数代表分成多少等分。
 73 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, ntile(5) over(order by c.name) as ntile from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
 74 
 75 Ø 集合运算
 76 操作两组查询结果,进行交集、并集、减集运算
 77 1、 union和union all进行并集运算
 78 --union 并集、不重复
 79 select id, name from student where name like ja%
 80 union
 81 select id, name from student where id = 4;
 82 
 83 --并集、重复
 84 select * from student where name like ja%
 85 union all
 86 select * from student;
 87 
 88 2、 intersect进行交集运算
 89 --交集(相同部分)
 90 select * from student where name like ja%
 91 intersect
 92 select * from student;
 93 
 94 3、 except进行减集运算
 95 --减集(除相同部分)
 96 select * from student where name like ja%
 97 except
 98 select * from student where name like jas%;
 99 
100 Ø 公式表表达式
101 查询表的时候,有时候中间表需要重复使用,这些子查询被重复查询调用,不但效率低,而且可读性低,不利于理解。那么公式表表达式可以解决这个问题。
102 我们可以将公式表表达式(CET)视为临时结果集,在select、insertupdate、delete或是create view语句的执行范围内进行定义。
103 --表达式
104 with statNum(id, num) as 
105 (
106     select cid, count(*) 
107     from student 
108     where id > 0
109     group by cid
110 )
111 select id, num from statNum order by id;
112 with statNum(id, num) as 
113 (
114     select cid, count(*) 
115     from student 
116     where id > 0
117     group by cid
118 )
119 select max(id), avg(num) from statNum;
120 
121 Ø 连接查询
122 1、 简化连接查询
123 --简化联接查询
124 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id;
125 
126 2left join左连接
127 --左连接
128 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
129 
130 3right join右连接
131 --右连接
132 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
133 
134 4inner join内连接
135 --内连接
136 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
137 
138 --inner可以省略
139 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
140 
141 5cross join交叉连接
142 --交叉联接查询,结果是一个笛卡儿乘积
143 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s cross join classes c
144 --where s.cid = c.id;
145 
146 6、 自连接(同一张表进行连接查询)
147 --自连接
148 select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex;
149 
150 Ø 函数
151 1、 聚合函数
152 max最大值、min最小值、count统计、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差
153 
154 select 
155     max(age) max_age, 
156     min(age) min_age, 
157     count(age) count_age, 
158     avg(age) avg_age, 
159     sum(age) sum_age, 
160     var(age) var_age 
161 from student;
162 
163 2、 日期时间函数
164 select dateAdd(day, 3, getDate());--加天
165 select dateAdd(year, 3, getDate());--加年
166 select dateAdd(hour, 3, getDate());--加小时
167 
168 --返回跨两个指定日期的日期边界数和时间边界数
169 select dateDiff(day, 2011-06-20, getDate());
170 
171 --相差秒数
172 select dateDiff(second, 2011-06-22 11:00:00, getDate());
173 
174 --相差小时数
175 select dateDiff(hour, 2011-06-22 10:00:00, getDate());
176 select dateName(month, getDate());--当前月份
177 select dateName(minute, getDate());--当前分钟
178 select dateName(weekday, getDate());--当前星期
179 select datePart(month, getDate());--当前月份
180 select datePart(weekday, getDate());--当前星期
181 select datePart(second, getDate());--当前秒数
182 select day(getDate());--返回当前日期天数
183 select day(2011-06-30);--返回当前日期天数
184 select month(getDate());--返回当前日期月份
185 select month(2011-11-10);
186 select year(getDate());--返回当前日期年份
187 select year(2010-11-10);
188 select getDate();--当前系统日期
189 select getUTCDate();--utc日期
190 
191 3、 数学函数
192 select pi();--PI函数
193 select rand(100), rand(50), rand(), rand();--随机数
194 select round(rand(), 3), round(rand(100), 5);--精确小数位
195 --精确位数,负数表示小数点前
196 select round(123.456, 2), round(254.124, -2);
197 select round(123.4567, 1, 2);
198 
199 4、 元数据
200 select col_name(object_id(student), 1);--返回列名
201 select col_name(object_id(student), 2);
202 --该列数据类型长度
203 select col_length(student, col_name(object_id(student), 2)); 
204 --该列数据类型长度
205 select col_length(student, col_name(object_id(student), 1)); 
206 --返回类型名称、类型id
207 select type_name(type_id(varchar)), type_id(varchar);
208 --返回列类型长度
209 select columnProperty(object_id(student), name, PRECISION);
210 --返回列所在索引位置
211 select columnProperty(object_id(student), sex, ColumnId);
212 
213 5、 字符串函数
214 select ascii(a);--字符转换ascii值
215 select ascii(A);
216 select char(97);--ascii值转换字符
217 select char(65);
218 select nchar(65);
219 select nchar(45231);
220 select nchar(32993);--unicode转换字符
221 select unicode(A), unicode();--返回unicode编码值
222 select soundex(hello), soundex(world), soundex(word);
223 select patindex(%a, ta), patindex(%ac%, jack), patindex(dex%, dexjack);--匹配字符索引
224 select a + space(2) + b, c + space(5) + d;--输出空格
225 select charIndex(o, hello world);--查找索引
226 select charIndex(o, hello world, 6);--查找索引
227 select quoteName(abc[]def), quoteName(123]45);
228 
229 --精确数字
230 select str(123.456, 2), str(123.456, 3), str(123.456, 4);
231 select str(123.456, 9, 2), str(123.456, 9, 3), str(123.456, 6, 1), str(123.456, 9, 6);
232 select difference(hello, helloWorld);--比较字符串相同
233 select difference(hello, world);
234 select difference(hello, llo);
235 select difference(hello, hel);
236 select difference(hello, hello);
237 select replace(abcedef, e, E);--替换字符串
238 select stuff(hello world, 3, 4, ABC);--指定位置替换字符串
239 select replicate(abc#, 3);--重复字符串
240 select subString(abc, 1, 1), subString(abc, 1, 2), subString(hello Wrold, 7, 5);--截取字符串
241 select len(abc);--返回长度
242 select reverse(sqlServer);--反转字符串
243 select left(leftString, 4);--取左边字符串
244 select left(leftString, 7);
245 select right(leftString, 6);--取右边字符串
246 select right(leftString, 3);
247 select lower(aBc), lower(ABC);--小写
248 select upper(aBc), upper(abc);--大写
249 --去掉左边空格
250 select ltrim( abc), ltrim(# abc#), ltrim(  abc);
251 
252 --去掉右边空格
253 select rtrim( abc    ), rtrim(# abc#   ), rtrim(abc);
254 
255 6、 安全函数
256 select current_user;
257 select user;
258 select user_id(), user_id(dbo), user_id(public), user_id(guest);
259 select user_name(), user_name(1), user_name(0), user_name(2);
260 select session_user;
261 select suser_id(sa);
262 select suser_sid(), suser_sid(sa), suser_sid(sysadmin), suser_sid(serveradmin);
263 select is_member(dbo), is_member(public);
264 select suser_name(), suser_name(1), suser_name(2), suser_name(3);
265 select suser_sname(), suser_sname(0x01), suser_sname(0x02), suser_sname(0x03);
266 select is_srvRoleMember(sysadmin), is_srvRoleMember(serveradmin);
267 select permissions(object_id(student));
268 select system_user;
269 select schema_id(), schema_id(dbo), schema_id(guest);
270 select schema_name(), schema_name(1), schema_name(2), schema_name(3);
271 
272 7、 系统函数
273 select app_name();--当前会话的应用程序名称
274 select cast(2011 as datetime), cast(10 as money), cast(0 as varbinary);--类型转换
275 select convert(datetime, 2011);--类型转换
276 select coalesce(null, a), coalesce(123, a);--返回其参数中第一个非空表达式
277 select collationProperty(Traditional_Spanish_CS_AS_KS_WS, CodePage);
278 select current_timestamp;--当前时间戳
279 select current_user;
280 select isDate(getDate()), isDate(abc), isNumeric(1), isNumeric(a);
281 select dataLength(abc);
282 select host_id();
283 select host_name();
284 select db_name();
285 select ident_current(student), ident_current(classes);--返回主键id的最大值
286 select ident_incr(student), ident_incr(classes);--id的增量值
287 select ident_seed(student), ident_seed(classes);
288 select @@identity;--最后一次自增的值
289 select identity(int, 1, 1) as id into tab from student;--将studeng表的烈属,以/1自增形式创建一个tab
290 select * from tab;
291 select @@rowcount;--影响行数
292 select @@cursor_rows;--返回连接上打开的游标的当前限定行的数目
293 select @@error;--T-SQL的错误号
294 select @@procid;
295 
296 
297 8、 配置函数
298 set datefirst 7;--设置每周的第一天,表示周日
299 select @@datefirst as 星期的第一天, datepart(dw, getDate()) AS 今天是星期;
300 select @@dbts;--返回当前数据库唯一时间戳
301 set language Italian;
302 select @@langId as Language ID;--返回语言id
303 select @@language as Language Name;--返回当前语言名称
304 select @@lock_timeout;--返回当前会话的当前锁定超时设置(毫秒)
305 select @@max_connections;--返回SQL Server 实例允许同时进行的最大用户连接数
306 select @@MAX_PRECISION AS Max Precision;--返回decimal 和numeric 数据类型所用的精度级别
307 select @@SERVERNAME;--SQL Server 的本地服务器的名称
308 select @@SERVICENAME;--服务名
309 select @@SPID;--当前会话进程id
310 select @@textSize;
311 select @@version;--当前数据库版本信息
312 
313 9、 系统统计函数
314 select @@CONNECTIONS;--连接数
315 select @@PACK_RECEIVED;
316 select @@CPU_BUSY;
317 select @@PACK_SENT;
318 select @@TIMETICKS;
319 select @@IDLE;
320 select @@TOTAL_ERRORS;
321 select @@IO_BUSY;
322 select @@TOTAL_READ;--读取磁盘次数
323 select @@PACKET_ERRORS;--发生的网络数据包错误数
324 select @@TOTAL_WRITE;--sqlserver执行的磁盘写入次数
325 select patIndex(%soft%, microsoft SqlServer);
326 select patIndex(soft%, software SqlServer);
327 select patIndex(%soft, SqlServer microsoft);
328 select patIndex(%so_gr%, Jsonisprogram);
329  
330 10、 用户自定义函数
331 # 查看当前数据库所有函数
332 --查询所有已创建函数
333 select definition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_id = o.object_id and type in(fn, if, tf);
334 
335 # 创建函数
336 if (object_id(fun_add, fn) is not null)
337     drop function fun_add
338 go
339 
340 create function fun_add(@num1 int, @num2 int)
341     returns int
342 with execute as caller
343 as
344     begin
345         declare @result int;
346         if (@num1 is null)
347             set @num1 = 0;
348         if (@num2 is null)
349             set @num2 = 0;
350         set @result = @num1 + @num2;
351         return @result;
352     end
353 go
354 
355 调用函数
356 select dbo.fun_add(id, age) from student;
357 
358 --自定义函数,字符串连接
359 if (object_id(fun_append, fn) is not null)
360     drop function fun_append
361 go
362 create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))
363     returns nvarchar(2048)
364 as
365     begin
366         return @args + @args2;
367     end
368 go
369 
370 调用函数
371 select dbo.fun_append(name, abc) from student;
372 
373 # 修改函数
374 alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024))
375     returns nvarchar(1024)
376 as
377     begin
378         declare @result varchar(1024);    
379         --coalesce返回第一个不为null的值    
380         set @args = coalesce(@args, ‘‘);
381         set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, ‘‘);;
382         set @result = @args + @args2;
383         return @result;
384     end
385 go
386 
387 调用函数 
388 select dbo.fun_append(name, #abc) from student;
389  
390 # 返回table类型函数
391 --返回table对象函数
392 select name, object_id, type from sys.objects where type in (fn, if, tf) or type like %f%;
393  
394 if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in (fn, if, tf) and name = fun_find_stuRecord))
395     drop function fun_find_stuRecord
396 go
397 
398 create function fun_find_stuRecord(@id int)
399     returns table
400 as
401     return (select * from student where id = @id);
402 go
403 
404 调用函数
405 select * from dbo.fun_find_stuRecord(2);

 

SQL Server T-SQL高级查询

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原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/angleBlue/p/4801660.html

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