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基本常用查询
1 --select 2 select * from student; 3 4 --all 查询所有 5 select all sex from student; 6 7 --distinct 过滤重复 8 select distinct sex from student; 9 10 --count 统计 11 select count(*) from student; 12 select count(sex) from student; 13 select count(distinct sex) from student; 14 15 --top 取前N条记录 16 select top 3 * from student; 17 18 --alias column name 列重命名 19 select id as 编号, name ‘名称‘, sex 性别 from student; 20 21 --alias table name 表重命名 22 select id, name, s.id, s.name from student s; 23 24 --column 列运算 25 select (age + id) col from student; 26 select s.name + ‘-‘ + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id; 27 28 --where 条件 29 select * from student where id = 2; 30 select * from student where id > 7; 31 select * from student where id < 3; 32 select * from student where id <> 3; 33 select * from student where id >= 3; 34 select * from student where id <= 5; 35 select * from student where id !> 3; 36 select * from student where id !< 5; 37 38 --and 并且 39 select * from student where id > 2 and sex = 1; 40 41 --or 或者 42 select * from student where id = 2 or sex = 1; 43 44 --between ... and ... 相当于并且 45 select * from student where id between 2 and 5; 46 select * from student where id not between 2 and 5; 47 48 --like 模糊查询 49 select * from student where name like ‘%a%‘; 50 select * from student where name like ‘%[a][o]%‘; 51 select * from student where name not like ‘%a%‘; 52 select * from student where name like ‘ja%‘; 53 select * from student where name not like ‘%[j,n]%‘; 54 select * from student where name like ‘%[j,n,a]%‘; 55 select * from student where name like ‘%[^ja,as,on]%‘; 56 select * from student where name like ‘%[ja_on]%‘; 57 58 --in 子查询 59 select * from student where id in (1, 2); 60 61 --not in 不在其中 62 select * from student where id not in (1, 2); 63 64 --is null 是空 65 select * from student where age is null; 66 67 --is not null 不为空 68 select * from student where age is not null; 69 70 --order by 排序 71 select * from student order by name; 72 select * from student order by name desc; 73 select * from student order by name asc; 74 75 --group by 分组 76 --按照年龄进行分组统计 77 select count(age), age from student group by age; 78 --按照性别进行分组统计 79 select count(*), sex from student group by sex; 80 --按照年龄和性别组合分组统计,并排序 81 select count(*), sex from student group by sex, age order by age; 82 --按照性别分组,并且是id大于2的记录最后按照性别排序 83 select count(*), sex from student where id > 2 group by sex order by sex; 84 --查询id大于2的数据,并完成运算后的结果进行分组和排序 85 select count(*), (sex * id) new from student where id > 2 group by sex * id order by sex * id; 86 87 --group by all 所有分组 88 --按照年龄分组,是所有的年龄 89 select count(*), age from student group by all age; 90 91 --having 分组过滤条件 92 --按照年龄分组,过滤年龄为空的数据,并且统计分组的条数和现实年龄信息 93 select count(*), age from student group by age having age is not null; 94 95 --按照年龄和cid组合分组,过滤条件是cid大于1的记录 96 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1; 97 98 --按照年龄分组,过滤条件是分组后的记录条数大于等于2 99 select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2; 100 101 --按照cid和性别组合分组,过滤条件是cid大于1,cid的最大值大于2 102 select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2; 103 104 Ø 嵌套子查询 105 子查询是一个嵌套在select、insert、update或delete语句或其他子查询中的查询。任何允许使用表达式的地方都可以使用子查询。子查询也称为内部查询或内部选择,而包含子查询的语句也成为外部查询或外部选择。 106 # from (select … table)示例 107 将一个table的查询结果当做一个新表进行查询 108 select * from ( 109 select id, name from student where sex = 1 110 ) t where t.id > 2; 111 上面括号中的语句,就是子查询语句(内部查询)。在外面的是外部查询,其中外部查询可以包含以下语句: 112 1、 包含常规选择列表组件的常规select查询 113 2、 包含一个或多个表或视图名称的常规from语句 114 3、 可选的where子句 115 4、 可选的group by子句 116 5、 可选的having子句 117 # 示例 118 查询班级信息,统计班级学生人生 119 select *, (select count(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num 120 from classes order by num; 121 122 # in, not in子句查询示例 123 查询班级id大于小于的这些班级的学生信息 124 select * from student where cid in ( 125 select id from classes where id > 2 and id < 4 126 ); 127 128 查询不是班的学生信息 129 select * from student where cid not in ( 130 select id from classes where name = ‘2班‘ 131 ) 132 in、not in 后面的子句返回的结果必须是一列,这一列的结果将会作为查询条件对应前面的条件。如cid对应子句的id; 133 134 # exists和not exists子句查询示例 135 查询存在班级id为的学生信息 136 select * from student where exists ( 137 select * from classes where id = student.cid and id = 3 138 ); 139 140 查询没有分配班级的学生信息 141 select * from student where not exists ( 142 select * from classes where id = student.cid 143 ); 144 exists和not exists查询需要内部查询和外部查询进行一个关联的条件,如果没有这个条件将是查询到的所有信息。如:id等于student.id; 145 146 # some、any、all子句查询示例 147 查询班级的学生年龄大于班级的学生的年龄的信息 148 select * from student where cid = 5 and age > all ( 149 select age from student where cid = 3 150 ); 151 152 select * from student where cid = 5 and age > any ( 153 select age from student where cid = 3 154 ); 155 156 select * from student where cid = 5 and age > some ( 157 select age from student where cid = 3 158 );
1 Ø 聚合查询 2 1、 distinct去掉重复数据 3 select distinct sex from student; 4 select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student; 5 6 2、 compute和compute by汇总查询 7 --对年龄大于的进行汇总 8 select age from student 9 where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age; 10 11 --对年龄大于的按照性别进行分组汇总年龄信息 12 select id, sex, age from student 13 where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex; 14 15 --按照年龄分组汇总 16 select age from student 17 where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age); 18 19 --按照年龄分组,年龄汇总,id找最大值 20 select id, age from student 21 where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id); 22 compute进行汇总前面是查询的结果,后面一条结果集就是汇总的信息。compute子句中可以添加多个汇总表达式,可以添加的信息如下: 23 a、 可选by关键字。它是每一列计算指定的行聚合 24 b、 行聚合函数名称。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等 25 c、 要对其执行聚合函数的列 26 compute by适合做先分组后汇总的业务。compute by后面的列一定要是order by中出现的列。 27 28 3、 cube汇总 29 cube汇总和compute效果类似,但语法较简洁,而且返回的是一个结果集。 30 select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube; 31 select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube; 32 cube要结合group by语句完成分组汇总 33 34 Ø 排序函数 35 排序在很多地方需要用到,需要对查询结果进行排序并且给出序号。比如: 36 1、 对某张表进行排序,序号需要递增不重复的 37 2、 对学生的成绩进行排序,得出名次,名次可以并列,但名次的序号是连续递增的 38 3、 在某些排序的情况下,需要跳空序号,虽然是并列 39 基本语法 40 排序函数 over([分组语句] 排序子句[desc][asc]) 41 排序子句 order by 列名, 列名 42 分组子句 partition by 分组列, 分组列 43 # row_number函数 44 --根据排序子句给出递增连续序号 45 --按照名称排序的顺序递增 46 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(order by c.name) as number from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; 47 48 # rank函数函数 49 --根据排序子句给出递增的序号,但是存在并列并且跳空 50 --顺序递增 51 select id, name, rank() over(order by cid) as rank from student; 52 53 --跳过相同递增 54 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(order by c.name) as rank 55 from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; 56 57 # dense_rank函数 58 --根据排序子句给出递增的序号,但是存在并列不跳空 59 --不跳过,直接递增 60 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(order by c.name) as dense from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; 61 62 # partition by分组子句 63 --可以完成对分组的数据进行增加排序,partition by可以与以上三个函数联合使用。 64 --利用partition by按照班级名称分组,学生id排序 65 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; 66 67 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; 68 69 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; 70 71 # ntile平均排序函数 72 --将要排序的数据进行平分,然后按照等分排序。ntile中的参数代表分成多少等分。 73 select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, ntile(5) over(order by c.name) as ntile from student s, classes c where cid = c.id; 74 75 Ø 集合运算 76 操作两组查询结果,进行交集、并集、减集运算 77 1、 union和union all进行并集运算 78 --union 并集、不重复 79 select id, name from student where name like ‘ja%‘ 80 union 81 select id, name from student where id = 4; 82 83 --并集、重复 84 select * from student where name like ‘ja%‘ 85 union all 86 select * from student; 87 88 2、 intersect进行交集运算 89 --交集(相同部分) 90 select * from student where name like ‘ja%‘ 91 intersect 92 select * from student; 93 94 3、 except进行减集运算 95 --减集(除相同部分) 96 select * from student where name like ‘ja%‘ 97 except 98 select * from student where name like ‘jas%‘; 99 100 Ø 公式表表达式 101 查询表的时候,有时候中间表需要重复使用,这些子查询被重复查询调用,不但效率低,而且可读性低,不利于理解。那么公式表表达式可以解决这个问题。 102 我们可以将公式表表达式(CET)视为临时结果集,在select、insert、update、delete或是create view语句的执行范围内进行定义。 103 --表达式 104 with statNum(id, num) as 105 ( 106 select cid, count(*) 107 from student 108 where id > 0 109 group by cid 110 ) 111 select id, num from statNum order by id; 112 with statNum(id, num) as 113 ( 114 select cid, count(*) 115 from student 116 where id > 0 117 group by cid 118 ) 119 select max(id), avg(num) from statNum; 120 121 Ø 连接查询 122 1、 简化连接查询 123 --简化联接查询 124 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id; 125 126 2、 left join左连接 127 --左连接 128 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id; 129 130 3、 right join右连接 131 --右连接 132 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id; 133 134 4、 inner join内连接 135 --内连接 136 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id; 137 138 --inner可以省略 139 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s join classes c on s.cid = c.id; 140 141 5、 cross join交叉连接 142 --交叉联接查询,结果是一个笛卡儿乘积 143 select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s cross join classes c 144 --where s.cid = c.id; 145 146 6、 自连接(同一张表进行连接查询) 147 --自连接 148 select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex; 149 150 Ø 函数 151 1、 聚合函数 152 max最大值、min最小值、count统计、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差 153 154 select 155 max(age) max_age, 156 min(age) min_age, 157 count(age) count_age, 158 avg(age) avg_age, 159 sum(age) sum_age, 160 var(age) var_age 161 from student; 162 163 2、 日期时间函数 164 select dateAdd(day, 3, getDate());--加天 165 select dateAdd(year, 3, getDate());--加年 166 select dateAdd(hour, 3, getDate());--加小时 167 168 --返回跨两个指定日期的日期边界数和时间边界数 169 select dateDiff(day, ‘2011-06-20‘, getDate()); 170 171 --相差秒数 172 select dateDiff(second, ‘2011-06-22 11:00:00‘, getDate()); 173 174 --相差小时数 175 select dateDiff(hour, ‘2011-06-22 10:00:00‘, getDate()); 176 select dateName(month, getDate());--当前月份 177 select dateName(minute, getDate());--当前分钟 178 select dateName(weekday, getDate());--当前星期 179 select datePart(month, getDate());--当前月份 180 select datePart(weekday, getDate());--当前星期 181 select datePart(second, getDate());--当前秒数 182 select day(getDate());--返回当前日期天数 183 select day(‘2011-06-30‘);--返回当前日期天数 184 select month(getDate());--返回当前日期月份 185 select month(‘2011-11-10‘); 186 select year(getDate());--返回当前日期年份 187 select year(‘2010-11-10‘); 188 select getDate();--当前系统日期 189 select getUTCDate();--utc日期 190 191 3、 数学函数 192 select pi();--PI函数 193 select rand(100), rand(50), rand(), rand();--随机数 194 select round(rand(), 3), round(rand(100), 5);--精确小数位 195 --精确位数,负数表示小数点前 196 select round(123.456, 2), round(254.124, -2); 197 select round(123.4567, 1, 2); 198 199 4、 元数据 200 select col_name(object_id(‘student‘), 1);--返回列名 201 select col_name(object_id(‘student‘), 2); 202 --该列数据类型长度 203 select col_length(‘student‘, col_name(object_id(‘student‘), 2)); 204 --该列数据类型长度 205 select col_length(‘student‘, col_name(object_id(‘student‘), 1)); 206 --返回类型名称、类型id 207 select type_name(type_id(‘varchar‘)), type_id(‘varchar‘); 208 --返回列类型长度 209 select columnProperty(object_id(‘student‘), ‘name‘, ‘PRECISION‘); 210 --返回列所在索引位置 211 select columnProperty(object_id(‘student‘), ‘sex‘, ‘ColumnId‘); 212 213 5、 字符串函数 214 select ascii(‘a‘);--字符转换ascii值 215 select ascii(‘A‘); 216 select char(97);--ascii值转换字符 217 select char(65); 218 select nchar(65); 219 select nchar(45231); 220 select nchar(32993);--unicode转换字符 221 select unicode(‘A‘), unicode(‘中‘);--返回unicode编码值 222 select soundex(‘hello‘), soundex(‘world‘), soundex(‘word‘); 223 select patindex(‘%a‘, ‘ta‘), patindex(‘%ac%‘, ‘jack‘), patindex(‘dex%‘, ‘dexjack‘);--匹配字符索引 224 select ‘a‘ + space(2) + ‘b‘, ‘c‘ + space(5) + ‘d‘;--输出空格 225 select charIndex(‘o‘, ‘hello world‘);--查找索引 226 select charIndex(‘o‘, ‘hello world‘, 6);--查找索引 227 select quoteName(‘abc[]def‘), quoteName(‘123]45‘); 228 229 --精确数字 230 select str(123.456, 2), str(123.456, 3), str(123.456, 4); 231 select str(123.456, 9, 2), str(123.456, 9, 3), str(123.456, 6, 1), str(123.456, 9, 6); 232 select difference(‘hello‘, ‘helloWorld‘);--比较字符串相同 233 select difference(‘hello‘, ‘world‘); 234 select difference(‘hello‘, ‘llo‘); 235 select difference(‘hello‘, ‘hel‘); 236 select difference(‘hello‘, ‘hello‘); 237 select replace(‘abcedef‘, ‘e‘, ‘E‘);--替换字符串 238 select stuff(‘hello world‘, 3, 4, ‘ABC‘);--指定位置替换字符串 239 select replicate(‘abc#‘, 3);--重复字符串 240 select subString(‘abc‘, 1, 1), subString(‘abc‘, 1, 2), subString(‘hello Wrold‘, 7, 5);--截取字符串 241 select len(‘abc‘);--返回长度 242 select reverse(‘sqlServer‘);--反转字符串 243 select left(‘leftString‘, 4);--取左边字符串 244 select left(‘leftString‘, 7); 245 select right(‘leftString‘, 6);--取右边字符串 246 select right(‘leftString‘, 3); 247 select lower(‘aBc‘), lower(‘ABC‘);--小写 248 select upper(‘aBc‘), upper(‘abc‘);--大写 249 --去掉左边空格 250 select ltrim(‘ abc‘), ltrim(‘# abc#‘), ltrim(‘ abc‘); 251 252 --去掉右边空格 253 select rtrim(‘ abc ‘), rtrim(‘# abc# ‘), rtrim(‘abc‘); 254 255 6、 安全函数 256 select current_user; 257 select user; 258 select user_id(), user_id(‘dbo‘), user_id(‘public‘), user_id(‘guest‘); 259 select user_name(), user_name(1), user_name(0), user_name(2); 260 select session_user; 261 select suser_id(‘sa‘); 262 select suser_sid(), suser_sid(‘sa‘), suser_sid(‘sysadmin‘), suser_sid(‘serveradmin‘); 263 select is_member(‘dbo‘), is_member(‘public‘); 264 select suser_name(), suser_name(1), suser_name(2), suser_name(3); 265 select suser_sname(), suser_sname(0x01), suser_sname(0x02), suser_sname(0x03); 266 select is_srvRoleMember(‘sysadmin‘), is_srvRoleMember(‘serveradmin‘); 267 select permissions(object_id(‘student‘)); 268 select system_user; 269 select schema_id(), schema_id(‘dbo‘), schema_id(‘guest‘); 270 select schema_name(), schema_name(1), schema_name(2), schema_name(3); 271 272 7、 系统函数 273 select app_name();--当前会话的应用程序名称 274 select cast(2011 as datetime), cast(‘10‘ as money), cast(‘0‘ as varbinary);--类型转换 275 select convert(datetime, ‘2011‘);--类型转换 276 select coalesce(null, ‘a‘), coalesce(‘123‘, ‘a‘);--返回其参数中第一个非空表达式 277 select collationProperty(‘Traditional_Spanish_CS_AS_KS_WS‘, ‘CodePage‘); 278 select current_timestamp;--当前时间戳 279 select current_user; 280 select isDate(getDate()), isDate(‘abc‘), isNumeric(1), isNumeric(‘a‘); 281 select dataLength(‘abc‘); 282 select host_id(); 283 select host_name(); 284 select db_name(); 285 select ident_current(‘student‘), ident_current(‘classes‘);--返回主键id的最大值 286 select ident_incr(‘student‘), ident_incr(‘classes‘);--id的增量值 287 select ident_seed(‘student‘), ident_seed(‘classes‘); 288 select @@identity;--最后一次自增的值 289 select identity(int, 1, 1) as id into tab from student;--将studeng表的烈属,以/1自增形式创建一个tab 290 select * from tab; 291 select @@rowcount;--影响行数 292 select @@cursor_rows;--返回连接上打开的游标的当前限定行的数目 293 select @@error;--T-SQL的错误号 294 select @@procid; 295 296 297 8、 配置函数 298 set datefirst 7;--设置每周的第一天,表示周日 299 select @@datefirst as ‘星期的第一天‘, datepart(dw, getDate()) AS ‘今天是星期‘; 300 select @@dbts;--返回当前数据库唯一时间戳 301 set language ‘Italian‘; 302 select @@langId as ‘Language ID‘;--返回语言id 303 select @@language as ‘Language Name‘;--返回当前语言名称 304 select @@lock_timeout;--返回当前会话的当前锁定超时设置(毫秒) 305 select @@max_connections;--返回SQL Server 实例允许同时进行的最大用户连接数 306 select @@MAX_PRECISION AS ‘Max Precision‘;--返回decimal 和numeric 数据类型所用的精度级别 307 select @@SERVERNAME;--SQL Server 的本地服务器的名称 308 select @@SERVICENAME;--服务名 309 select @@SPID;--当前会话进程id 310 select @@textSize; 311 select @@version;--当前数据库版本信息 312 313 9、 系统统计函数 314 select @@CONNECTIONS;--连接数 315 select @@PACK_RECEIVED; 316 select @@CPU_BUSY; 317 select @@PACK_SENT; 318 select @@TIMETICKS; 319 select @@IDLE; 320 select @@TOTAL_ERRORS; 321 select @@IO_BUSY; 322 select @@TOTAL_READ;--读取磁盘次数 323 select @@PACKET_ERRORS;--发生的网络数据包错误数 324 select @@TOTAL_WRITE;--sqlserver执行的磁盘写入次数 325 select patIndex(‘%soft%‘, ‘microsoft SqlServer‘); 326 select patIndex(‘soft%‘, ‘software SqlServer‘); 327 select patIndex(‘%soft‘, ‘SqlServer microsoft‘); 328 select patIndex(‘%so_gr%‘, ‘Jsonisprogram‘); 329 330 10、 用户自定义函数 331 # 查看当前数据库所有函数 332 --查询所有已创建函数 333 select definition,* from sys.sql_modules m join sys.objects o on m.object_id = o.object_id and type in(‘fn‘, ‘if‘, ‘tf‘); 334 335 # 创建函数 336 if (object_id(‘fun_add‘, ‘fn‘) is not null) 337 drop function fun_add 338 go 339 340 create function fun_add(@num1 int, @num2 int) 341 returns int 342 with execute as caller 343 as 344 begin 345 declare @result int; 346 if (@num1 is null) 347 set @num1 = 0; 348 if (@num2 is null) 349 set @num2 = 0; 350 set @result = @num1 + @num2; 351 return @result; 352 end 353 go 354 355 调用函数 356 select dbo.fun_add(id, age) from student; 357 358 --自定义函数,字符串连接 359 if (object_id(‘fun_append‘, ‘fn‘) is not null) 360 drop function fun_append 361 go 362 create function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024)) 363 returns nvarchar(2048) 364 as 365 begin 366 return @args + @args2; 367 end 368 go 369 370 调用函数 371 select dbo.fun_append(name, ‘abc‘) from student; 372 373 # 修改函数 374 alter function fun_append(@args nvarchar(1024), @args2 nvarchar(1024)) 375 returns nvarchar(1024) 376 as 377 begin 378 declare @result varchar(1024); 379 --coalesce返回第一个不为null的值 380 set @args = coalesce(@args, ‘‘); 381 set @args2 = coalesce(@args2, ‘‘);; 382 set @result = @args + @args2; 383 return @result; 384 end 385 go 386 387 调用函数 388 select dbo.fun_append(name, ‘#abc‘) from student; 389 390 # 返回table类型函数 391 --返回table对象函数 392 select name, object_id, type from sys.objects where type in (‘fn‘, ‘if‘, ‘tf‘) or type like ‘%f%‘; 393 394 if (exists (select * from sys.objects where type in (‘fn‘, ‘if‘, ‘tf‘) and name = ‘fun_find_stuRecord‘)) 395 drop function fun_find_stuRecord 396 go 397 398 create function fun_find_stuRecord(@id int) 399 returns table 400 as 401 return (select * from student where id = @id); 402 go 403 404 调用函数 405 select * from dbo.fun_find_stuRecord(2);
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原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/angleBlue/p/4801660.html