1.linux下加密工具有很多，但是最常用的还是openssl
openssl 三个组件：
openssl 多用途命令行工具
libcrypto 加密解密库
libssl ssl协议实现
openssl enc, ca, req, ...
对称加密
enc命令：#手动给文件加密一个文件。
加密：openssl enc -e -des3 -a -salt -in fstab -out fstab.ciphertext
解密：openssl enc -d -des3 -a -salt -in fstab.ciphertext -out fstab
单向加密
openssl dgst -md5 fstab 与md5sum fstab等成的结果相同
[root@test ~]# md5sum /etc/fstab 4a41f19e70ebe54b257b4296dc304205 /etc/fstab [root@test ~]# openssl dgst -md5 /etc/fstab MD5(/etc/fstab)= 4a41f19e70ebe54b257b4296dc304205
passwd #生成用户密码
openssl passwd -1(使用md5) -salt "SALT"
[root@test ~]# openssl passwd -1 -salt 12345678 Password: $1$12345678$oLKzx5glaFMv7/gw4IIXD.
生成密钥对
openssl genrsa -out /PATH/TO/PRIVATEKEY.FILE num_bits(加密多少位)
# (umask 077; openssl genrsa -out key.pri 2048) #权限很重要。
提取公钥
openssl rsa -in /PATH/FROM/PRIVATEKEY.FILE -pubout
# openssl rsa -in key.pri -pubout
PKI Pubilc Key Infrastructure
创建私有CA(模拟证书颁发机构给证书签名)
openssl的配置文件：/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
1.创建所需的文件
[root@test ~]# cd /etc/pki/CA/ [root@test CA]# touch index.txt [root@test CA]# echo 01 >serial [root@test CA]# ls certs crl index.txt newcerts private serial
2. CA自签证书
(umask 077;openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem 2048)
openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -days 365 -out /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem
-new 生成新证书签署请求
-x509 专用于CA生成自签证书
-key 生成请求时用到的私钥文件
-days # 证书的有效期限
-out /path/to/file 证书的保存路径
[root@test CA]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem 2048) Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ...................+++ ........+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) [root@test CA]# openssl req -new -x509 -key /etc/pki/CA/private/cakey.pem -days 365 -out /etc/pki/CA/cacert.pem You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:Beijing Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Beijing Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:magedu #公司 Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:ops #部门 Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:ca.magedu.com #必须跟DNS解析的名称保持一致 Email Address []:caadmin@magedu.com #邮箱 [root@test CA]# ll private/ total 4 -rw------- 1 root root 1679 Sep 16 02:24 cakey.pem
3.发证
1.用到证书的主机生成证书请求
(umask 077;openssl genrsa -out /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.key 2048)
openssl req -new -key /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.key -days 365 -out /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.csr
2.把请求文件传输给CA
3.CA签署证书，并把证书返回给请求者
openssl ca -in /tmp/httpd.csr -out /etc/pki/CA/certs/httpd.crt -days 365
查看证书中的信息
openssl x509 -in /path/from/cert_file -noout -text|-subject|-serial
4.吊销证书
1.客户端，获取要吊销的证书的serial
openssl x509 -in /path/from/cert_file -noout -serial -subject
2.CA 先根据客户提交的serial与subject信息，对比检验是否与index.txt文件中的信息一致
openssl ca -revoke /etcpki/CA/newcerts/serial.pem
3.生成吊销证书的编号（第一次吊销一个证书）
echo 01 > /etc/pki/CA/crlnumber
4.更新证书吊销列表
openssl ca -gencrl -out thisca.crl
查看crl文件
openssl crl -in /path/from/crl_file.crl -noout -text
模拟为web服务器创建证书然后找CA签名
##先在www主机上创建一个证书请求
[root@www ~]# cd /etc/httpd/ [root@www httpd]# mkdir ssl [root@www httpd]# ls conf conf.d logs modules run ssl [root@www httpd]# (umask 077;openssl genrsa -out /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.key 2048) Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ..+++ ...................+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) [root@www httpd]# openssl req -new -key /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.key -days 365 -out /etc/httpd/ssl/httpd.csr You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:Beijing Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Beijing Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:magedu Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:ops Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:www.magedu.com #再三强调，此处为DNS解析到的名称 Email Address []:webadmin@magedu.com Please enter the following ‘extra‘ attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []: [root@www httpd]# cd ssl [root@www ssl]# ls httpd.csr httpd.key
##然后把www主机生成的私有证书找CA签名
[root@www ssl]# scp httpd.csr root@172.16.249.49:/root/ #把www主机生成的证书请求cp到CA证书颁发机构签名 The authenticity of host ‘172.16.249.49 (172.16.249.49)‘ can‘t be established. RSA key fingerprint is 92:02:cd:96:37:0a:59:ae:a7:49:a1:d0:85:8c:0a:51. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added ‘172.16.249.49‘ (RSA) to the list of known hosts. root@172.16.249.49‘s password: httpd.csr [root@test CA]# openssl ca -in /root/httpd.csr -out /etc/pki/CA/certs/httpd.crt -days 365 #给www主机签名认证 Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf Check that the request matches the signature Signature ok Certificate Details: Serial Number: 1 (0x1) Validity Not Before: Sep 15 18:51:42 2015 GMT Not After : Sep 14 18:51:42 2016 GMT Subject: countryName = CN stateOrProvinceName = Beijing organizationName = magedu organizationalUnitName = ops commonName = www.magedu.com emailAddress = webadmin@magedu.com X509v3 extensions: X509v3 Basic Constraints: CA:FALSE Netscape Comment: OpenSSL Generated Certificate X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: E4:29:9D:5E:87:8D:93:50:5E:01:5C:71:AF:A9:9E:79:31:C2:0E:85 X509v3 Authority Key Identifier: keyid:D7:87:8A:D4:6B:C3:62:91:76:A5:8B:D4:00:41:86:65:DC:28:CB:B1 Certificate is to be certified until Sep 14 18:51:42 2016 GMT (365 days) Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y Write out database with 1 new entries Data Base Updated [root@test CA]# cat index.txt #这时，index.txt 生成一条记录 V 160914185142Z 01 unknown /C=CN/ST=Beijing/O=magedu/OU=ops/CN=www.magedu.com/emailAddress=webadmin@magedu.com [root@test CA]# ls certs/ #同时也生成一个 httpd.crt [root@test CA]# ls newcerts/ 01.pem [root@test CA]# scp certs/httpd.crt root@172.16.249.61:/etc/httd/ssl/ [root@www ssl]# ls #httpd.crt证书已经生成 httpd.crt httpd.csr httpd.key
2.远程连接主机有好几类，常用的是telnet，和ssh，由于telnet是明文传输，十分容易被抓包获取帐号，密码。
所以我们常用加密方式登录远程主机，SSH是运维必备工具。本文谈论的是sshv2。
ssh 客户端：
window：putty，xshell，securecrt等
linux：ssh 配置文件为/etc/ssh/ssh_config
远程主机方式： ssh host
#ssh后直接ip，使用当前用户登录到远程主机，或当前用户在远程主机上不存在时，会拒绝登录
ssh user@host #user为用户名，host为主机名或IP
ssh user@host command #在远程主机上执行某条命令后，把结果返回给当前用户，然后退出远程主机连接。
ssh -p22 #使用固定端口22连接远程主机
[root@test ~]# ssh 10.0.0.7 The authenticity of host ‘10.0.0.7 (10.0.0.7)‘ can‘t be established. RSA key fingerprint is 63:67:ff:b2:74:45:2b:f9:36:33:9a:18:7f:03:e7:0e. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added ‘10.0.0.7‘ (RSA) to the list of known hosts. root@10.0.0.7‘s password: Last login: Tue Sep 15 20:14:07 2015 from 192.168.0.101 [root@test-2 ~]# ip addr 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:83:0b:16 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.0.106/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe83:b16/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 3: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:83:0b:2a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.0.0.7/24 brd 10.0.0.255 scope global eth1 inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe83:b2a/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever [root@test-2 ~]# logout Connection to 10.0.0.7 closed. [root@test ~]# ssh -p22 root@10.0.0.7 root@10.0.0.7‘s password: Last login: Tue Sep 15 23:21:58 2015 from 10.0.0.11 [root@test-2 ~]#
注意：第1次远程主机时，远程主机会传送给当前用户一个隐藏的密钥文件(~.ssh/known_hosts)。让你确认是否接受密钥，不确认则无法连接远程主机。其文件在当前用户家目录下面.ssh目录下。
全局ssh配置文件/etc/ssh/ssh_config 常用参数介绍
Host * #表示可以连接所有主机，后面加上固定网段，则只能远程固定网段主机
Port 22 #设置远程主机时，默认端口号
Protocol 2,1 #设置ssh使用哪个版本，默认是第2版
Cipher 3des #对称加密方式默认方式
下面客户端基于密钥认证，每次远程主机不用输入口令，在集群中常用。
前提条件：1.先在客户端生成一对密钥
2.把公钥复制到需要远程主机的对应用户帐号的家目录下一个隐藏目录（由服务端配置文件指明#AuthorizedKeysFile，使用默认就好）
[root@test ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa #免交互式生成密钥[-P ‘‘#密码为空 -f "~/.ssh/id_rsa"] Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): #默认把私钥文件保存在当前用户家目录生成.ssh/id_rsa Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): #是否对密钥加密，加密后，每次使用密钥还的输入密码，达不到我们想要的免输入效果，所以直接回车 Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The key fingerprint is: 1e:c0:ce:3b:d2:2f:a7:93:88:d4:a5:c1:b7:95:2a:e9 root@test The key‘s randomart image is: +--[ RSA 2048]----+ | | | . | | . o . | | ooo.o | | . *o+S | | . =.oo . | | . o.o+.. | | . E.+o. | | .=. | +-----------------+ [root@test ~]# ls .ssh/ id_rsa id_rsa.pub #公钥 known_hosts [root@test ~]# ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@10.0.0.7 #这里指定远程时要登录的用户， root@10.0.0.7‘s password: Permission denied, please try again. root@10.0.0.7‘s password: Now try logging into the machine, with "ssh ‘root@10.0.0.7‘", and check in: .ssh/authorized_keys #服务端默认保存至这里 to make sure we haven‘t added extra keys that you weren‘t expecting. [root@test ~]# ssh root@10.0.0.7 #测试登录是否需要密码 Last login: Tue Sep 15 23:40:26 2015 from 10.0.0.11 [root@test-2 ~]#
window下xshell现实该功能
工具--新建用户密钥生成向导--参数设定--生成密钥对--设置密钥名称--把公钥复制到对应用户家目录下.ssh/authorized_keys #注意权限应为600--登录是需要输入帐号，然后选择密钥登录。
[root@test-2 ~]# cat .ssh/authorized_keys ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEA1cdTJizX7v2sASlLg3sCAuPDKROjFgkQm3VKX3Cxbbd2gJnqM8JQ1QV7qFbqSu0/e3SbWCAtiHNhI7wqkQYWx7OJXAw7tkMF94v+OP2Eg88p6ys8YKH9irhakZ5c5YrpyXyml138KzuAe/WfofkuKmS+7BzZt8RYystwblMIHRtIZMc8CTN4PZi0sDrNG/XjIRUxQeM1vHbcPBIlUkONEVK4Q4zWvhC/gsDeUrmjCjSVq8oSs9taKhiaSRUXT7ZG6pPNEqMMGUp0XOc8IQqziIily7tOWH7FokAdcm6vv8kBBPmAj8RX0bleUR8o+0UA5VKtZWZkoKIgmTjyn3rKbQ== #表示可远程登录任意用户，登录时需要指明用户
scp
PULL：scp [options] [user@]host:/PATH/FROM/FILE /PATH/TO/FILE #以当前用户身份把远程主机user权限的文件复制到本地
PUSH: scp [options] /PATH/FROM/FILE [user@]host:/PATH/TO/FILE #当前用户把本地文件以远程主机user权限复制到远程主机
常用选项
-r：递归复制
-p：保留原文件属性信息
-q：静默模式，复制过程不显示
-P port 指明remote host 监听的端口
sftp
sftp user@host
ssh服务端：
linux下的服务端为sshd， 其配置文件为/etc/ssh/sshd_config
Port 22 #设置远程主机时，默认端口号
ListenAddress 内网IP #监听ip地址
PermitRootLogin no #是否root用户直接登录
Subsystem sftp /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server #支持客户端使用sftp，来连接
限制用户登录，白名单,黑名单
allowusers denyusers
allowgroups denygroups
SSH服务实践总结
1.不要使用默认端口
2.禁止使用version 1；
3.限制可登录用户
4.设置空闲回话超时时长
5.利用防火墙设置ssh访问策略
6.仅监听特定IP地址
7.使用口令认证时，使用强密码策略
8.使用基于密钥的认证
9.禁止使用空密码
10.禁止root用户直接登录
11.限制ssh的访问频度和并发在线数
12.做好日志，进行分析
原文地址：http://iznowow.blog.51cto.com/6232028/1695446
