三种方式使得iOS程序即使在关闭或崩溃的情况下也能够在后台持续进行一些任务，比如更新程序界面快照，下载文件等。这三个方法分别是 Background Fetch，Remote Notification和NSURLSession的backgroundSessionConfiguration

Background Fetch

开启

首先在info plist文件中开启UIBackgroundModes的Background fetch。或者手动编辑这个值

<key>UIBackgroundModes</key>
<array>
     <string>fetch</string>
</array>

iOS默认不进行background fetch，需要设置一个时间的间隔

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions
{
     //UIApplicationBackgroundFetchIntervalMinimum表示尽可能频繁去获取，如果需要指定至少多少时间更新一次就需要给定一个时间值
     [application setMinimumBackgroundFetchInterval:UIApplicationBackgroundFetchIntervalMinimum];
     return YES;
}

最后在App Delegate里实现下面的方法，这个方法只能在30秒内完成。

- (void) application:(UIApplication *)application
performFetchWithCompletionHandler:(void (^)(UIBackgroundFetchResult))completionHandler
{
     NSURLSessionConfiguration *sessionConfiguration = [NSURLSessionConfiguration defaultSessionConfiguration];
     NSURLSession *session = [NSURLSession sessionWithConfiguration:sessionConfiguration];

     NSURL *url = [[NSURL alloc] initWithString:@"http://yourserver.com/data.json"];
     NSURLSessionDataTask *task = [session dataTaskWithURL:url
               completionHandler:^(NSData *data, NSURLResponse *response, NSError *error) {

          if (error) {
               completionHandler(UIBackgroundFetchResultFailed);
               return;
          }

          // 解析响应/数据以决定新内容是否可用
          BOOL hasNewData = ...
          if (hasNewData) {
               completionHandler(UIBackgroundFetchResultNewData);
          } else {
               completionHandler(UIBackgroundFetchResultNoData);
          }
     }];

     // 开始任务
     [task resume];
}

测试

通过查看UIApplication的applicationState

- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions
{
     NSLog(@"Launched in background %d", UIApplicationStateBackground == application.applicationState);

     return YES;
}

Remote Notification

在普通的远程通知里带上content-available标志就可以在通知用户同时在后台进行更新。通知结构如下

{
     "aps" : {
          "content-available" : 1
     },
     "content-id" : 42
}

接收一条带有content-available的通知会调用下面的方法

- (void)application:(UIApplication *)application
          didReceiveRemoteNotification:(NSDictionary *)userInfo
          fetchCompletionHandler:(void (^)(UIBackgroundFetchResult))completionHandler
{
     NSLog(@"Remote Notification userInfo is %@", userInfo);

     NSNumber *contentID = userInfo[@"content-id"];
     // 根据 content ID 进行操作
     completionHandler(UIBackgroundFetchResultNewData);
}

利用NSURLSession进行background transfer task

使用[NSURLSessionConfiguration backgroundSessionConfiguration]创建一个后台任务，当应用退出后，崩溃或进程被关掉都还是会运行。

范例，先处理一条远程通知，并将NSURLSessionDownloadTask添加到后台传输服务队列。

- (NSURLSession *)backgroundURLSession
{
     static NSURLSession *session = nil;
     static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
     dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
          NSString *identifier = @"io.objc.backgroundTransferExample";
          NSURLSessionConfiguration* sessionConfig = [NSURLSessionConfiguration backgroundSessionConfiguration:identifier];
          session = [NSURLSession sessionWithConfiguration:sessionConfig
               delegate:self
               delegateQueue:[NSOperationQueue mainQueue]];
     });

     return session;
}

- (void) application:(UIApplication *)application
     didReceiveRemoteNotification:(NSDictionary *)userInfo
     fetchCompletionHandler:(void (^)(UIBackgroundFetchResult))completionHandler
{
     NSLog(@"Received remote notification with userInfo %@", userInfo);

     NSNumber *contentID = userInfo[@"content-id"];
     NSString *downloadURLString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"http://yourserver.com/downloads/%d.mp3", [contentID intValue]];
     NSURL* downloadURL = [NSURL URLWithString:downloadURLString];

     NSURLRequest *request = [NSURLRequest requestWithURL:downloadURL];
     NSURLSessionDownloadTask *task = [[self backgroundURLSession] downloadTaskWithRequest:request];
     task.taskDescription = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Podcast Episode %d", [contentID intValue]];
     //执行resume保证开始了任务
     [task resume];

     completionHandler(UIBackgroundFetchResultNewData);
}

下载完成后调用NSURLSessionDownloadDelegate的委托方法，这些委托方法全部是必须实现的。了解所有类型session task的生命周期可以参考官方文档：https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/cocoa/Conceptual/URLLoadingSystem/NSURLSessionConcepts/NSURLSessionConcepts.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/10000165i-CH2-SW42

#Pragma Mark - NSURLSessionDownloadDelegate

- (void) URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session
     downloadTask:(NSURLSessionDownloadTask *)downloadTask
     didFinishDownloadingToURL:(NSURL *)location
{
     NSLog(@"downloadTask:%@ didFinishDownloadingToURL:%@", downloadTask.taskDescription, location);

     // 必须用 NSFileManager 将文件复制到应用的存储中，因为临时文件在方法返回后会被删除
     // ...

     // 通知 UI 刷新
}

- (void) URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session
     downloadTask:(NSURLSessionDownloadTask *)downloadTask
didResumeAtOffset:(int64_t)fileOffset
     expectedTotalBytes:(int64_t)expectedTotalBytes
{
}

- (void) URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session
     downloadTask:(NSURLSessionDownloadTask *)downloadTask
     didWriteData:(int64_t)bytesWritten totalBytesWritten:(int64_t)totalBytesWritten
     totalBytesExpectedToWrite:(int64_t)totalBytesExpectedToWrite
{
}

后台的任务完成后如果应用没有在前台运行，需要实现UIApplication的两个delegate让系统唤醒应用

- (void) application:(UIApplication *)application
     handleEventsForBackgroundURLSession:(NSString *)identifier completionHandler:(void (^)())completionHandler
{
     // 你必须重新建立一个后台 seesiong 的参照
     // 否则 NSURLSessionDownloadDelegate 和 NSURLSessionDelegate 方法会因为
     // 没有 对 session 的 delegate 设定而不会被调用。参见上面的 backgroundURLSession
     NSURLSession *backgroundSession = [self backgroundURLSession];

     NSLog(@"Rejoining session with identifier %@ %@", identifier, backgroundSession);

     // 保存 completion handler 以在处理 session 事件后更新 UI
     [self addCompletionHandler:completionHandler forSession:identifier];
}

- (void)URLSessionDidFinishEventsForBackgroundURLSession:(NSURLSession *)session
{
     NSLog(@"Background URL session %@ finished events.
", session);

     if (session.configuration.identifier) {
          // 调用在 -application:handleEventsForBackgroundURLSession: 中保存的 handler
          [self callCompletionHandlerForSession:session.configuration.identifier];
     }
}

- (void)addCompletionHandler:(CompletionHandlerType)handler forSession:(NSString *)identifier
{
     if ([self.completionHandlerDictionary objectForKey:identifier]) {
          NSLog(@"Error: Got multiple handlers for a single session identifier. This should not happen.
");
     }

     [self.completionHandlerDictionary setObject:handler forKey:identifier];
}

- (void)callCompletionHandlerForSession: (NSString *)identifier
{
     CompletionHandlerType handler = [self.completionHandlerDictionary objectForKey: identifier];

     if (handler) {
          [self.completionHandlerDictionary removeObjectForKey: identifier];
          NSLog(@"Calling completion handler for session %@", identifier);

          handler();
     }
}

三种方式使得iOS应用能够在后台进行数据更新和下载

Background Fetch

开启

测试

Remote Notification

利用NSURLSession进行background transfer task