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DES算法解析

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DES算法 
  美国国家标准局1973年开始研究除国防部外的其它部门的计算机系统的数据加密标准,于1973年5月15日和1974年8月27日先后两次向公众发出了征求加密算法的公告。 1977年1月,美国政府颁布:采纳IBM公司设计的方案作为非机密数据的正式数据加密标准(DES,Data Encryption Standard)。

一、DES算法 

  美国国家标准局1973年开始研究除国防部外的其它部门的计算机系统的数据加密标准,于1973年5月15日和1974年8月27日先后两次向公众发出了征求加密算法的公告。加密算法要达到的目的(通常称为DES 密码算法要求)主要为以下四点: ☆提供高质量的数据保护,防止数据未经授权的泄露和未被察觉的修改; 

☆具有相当高的复杂性,使得破译的开销超过可能获得的利益,同时又要便于理解和掌握; 

☆DES密码体制的安全性应该不依赖于算法的保密,其安全性仅以加密密钥的保密为基础; 

☆实现经济,运行有效,并且适用于多种完全不同的应用。 

1977年1月,美国政府颁布:采纳IBM公司设计的方案作为非机密数据的正式数据加密标准(DES,Data Encryption Standard)。 

  目前在国内,随着三金工程尤其是金卡工程的启动,DES算法在POS、ATM、磁卡及智能卡(IC卡)、加油站、高速公路收费站等领域被广泛应用,以此来实现关键数据的保密,如信用卡持卡人的PIN的加密传输,IC卡与POS间的双向认证、金融交易数据包的MAC校验等,均用到DES算法。 
  DES算法的入口参数有三个:Key、Data、Mode。其中Key为8个字节共64位,是DES算法的工作密钥;Data也为8个字节64位,是要被加密或被解密的数据;Mode为DES的工作方式,有两种:加密或解密。 
  DES算法是这样工作的:如Mode为加密,则用Key 去把数据Data进行加密, 生成Data的密码形式(64位)作为DES的输出结果;如Mode为解密,则用Key去把密码形式的数据Data解密,还原为Data的明码形式(64位)作为DES的输出结果。在通信网络的两端,双方约定一致的Key,在通信的源点用Key对核心数据进行DES加密,然后以密码形式在公共通信网(如电话网)中传输到通信网络的终点,数据到达目的地后,用同样的Key对密码数据进行解密,便再现了明码形式的核心数据。这样,便保证了核心数据(如PIN、MAC等)在公共通信网中传输的安全性和可靠性。 
  通过定期在通信网络的源端和目的端同时改用新的Key,便能更进一步提高数据的保密性,这正是现在金融交易网络的流行做法。 
  DES算法详述 
  DES算法把64位的明文输入块变为64位的密文输出块,它所使用的密钥也是64位,整个算法的主流程图如下: 
其功能是把输入的64位数据块按位重新组合,并把输出分为L0、R0两部分,每部分各长32位,其置换规则见下表: 
       58,50,12,34,26,18,10,2,60,52,44,36,28,20,12,4, 
  62,54,46,38,30,22,14,6,64,56,48,40,32,24,16,8, 
  57,49,41,33,25,17, 9,1,59,51,43,35,27,19,11,3, 
  61,53,45,37,29,21,13,5,63,55,47,39,31,23,15,7, 
  即将输入的第58位换到第一位,第50位换到第2位,…,依此类推,最后一位是原来的第7位。L0、R0则是换位输出后的两部分,L0是输出的左32位,R0 是右32位,例:设置换前的输入值为D1D2D3……D64,则经过初始置换后的结果为:L0=D58D50…D8;R0=D57D49…D7。 
  经过16次迭代运算后。得到L16、R16,将此作为输入,进行逆置换,即得到密文输出。逆置换正好是初始置的逆运算,例如,第1位经过初始置换后,处于第40位,而通过逆置换,又将第40位换回到第1位,其逆置换规则如下表所示: 
  40,8,48,16,56,24,64,32,39,7,47,15,55,23,63,31, 
  38,6,46,14,54,22,62,30,37,5,45,13,53,21,61,29, 
  36,4,44,12,52,20,60,28,35,3,43,11,51,19,59,27, 
  34,2,42,10,50,18,58 26,33,1,41, 9,49,17,57,25, 
放大换位表 
  32, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 8, 9, 10,11, 
  12,13,12,13,14,15,16,17,16,17,18,19,20,21,20,21, 
  22,23,24,25,24,25,26,27,28,29,28,29,30,31,32, 1, 
单纯换位表 
  16,7,20,21,29,12,28,17, 1,15,23,26, 5,18,31,10, 
  2,8,24,14,32,27, 3, 9,19,13,30, 6,22,11, 4,25, 
  在f(Ri,Ki)算法描述图中,S1,S2…S8为选择函数,其功能是把6bit数据变为4bit数据。下面给出选择函数Si(i=1,2……的功能表: 
选择函数Si 
S1: 
  14,4,13,1,2,15,11,8,3,10,6,12,5,9,0,7, 
  0,15,7,4,14,2,13,1,10,6,12,11,9,5,3,8, 
  4,1,14,8,13,6,2,11,15,12,9,7,3,10,5,0, 
  15,12,8,2,4,9,1,7,5,11,3,14,10,0,6,13, 
S2: 
  15,1,8,14,6,11,3,4,9,7,2,13,12,0,5,10, 
  3,13,4,7,15,2,8,14,12,0,1,10,6,9,11,5, 
  0,14,7,11,10,4,13,1,5,8,12,6,9,3,2,15, 
  13,8,10,1,3,15,4,2,11,6,7,12,0,5,14,9, 
S3: 
  10,0,9,14,6,3,15,5,1,13,12,7,11,4,2,8, 
  13,7,0,9,3,4,6,10,2,8,5,14,12,11,15,1, 
  13,6,4,9,8,15,3,0,11,1,2,12,5,10,14,7, 
  1,10,13,0,6,9,8,7,4,15,14,3,11,5,2,12, 
S4: 
  7,13,14,3,0,6,9,10,1,2,8,5,11,12,4,15, 
  13,8,11,5,6,15,0,3,4,7,2,12,1,10,14,9, 
  10,6,9,0,12,11,7,13,15,1,3,14,5,2,8,4, 
  3,15,0,6,10,1,13,8,9,4,5,11,12,7,2,14, 
S5: 
  2,12,4,1,7,10,11,6,8,5,3,15,13,0,14,9, 
  14,11,2,12,4,7,13,1,5,0,15,10,3,9,8,6, 
  4,2,1,11,10,13,7,8,15,9,12,5,6,3,0,14, 
  11,8,12,7,1,14,2,13,6,15,0,9,10,4,5,3, 
S6: 
  12,1,10,15,9,2,6,8,0,13,3,4,14,7,5,11, 
  10,15,4,2,7,12,9,5,6,1,13,14,0,11,3,8, 
  9,14,15,5,2,8,12,3,7,0,4,10,1,13,11,6, 
  4,3,2,12,9,5,15,10,11,14,1,7,6,0,8,13, 
S7: 
  4,11,2,14,15,0,8,13,3,12,9,7,5,10,6,1, 
  13,0,11,7,4,9,1,10,14,3,5,12,2,15,8,6, 
  1,4,11,13,12,3,7,14,10,15,6,8,0,5,9,2, 
  6,11,13,8,1,4,10,7,9,5,0,15,14,2,3,12, 
S8: 
  13,2,8,4,6,15,11,1,10,9,3,14,5,0,12,7, 
  1,15,13,8,10,3,7,4,12,5,6,11,0,14,9,2, 
  7,11,4,1,9,12,14,2,0,6,10,13,15,3,5,8, 
  2,1,14,7,4,10,8,13,15,12,9,0,3,5,6,11, 
在此以S1为例说明其功能,我们可以看到:在S1中,共有4行数据,命名为0,1、2、3行;每行有16列,命名为0、1、2、3,……,14、15列。 
  现设输入为: D=D1D2D3D4D5D6 
令:列=D2D3D4D5 
  行=D1D6 
  然后在S1表中查得对应的数,以4位二进制表示,此即为选择函数S1的输出。下面给出子密钥Ki(48bit)的生成算法 
  从子密钥Ki的生成算法描述图中我们可以看到:初始Key值为64位,但DES算法规定,其中第8、16、……64位是奇偶校验位,不参与DES运算。故Key 实际可用位数便只有56位。即:经过缩小选择换位表1的变换后,Key 的位数由64 位变成了56位,此56位分为C0、D0两部分,各28位,然后分别进行第1次循环左移,得到C1、D1,将C1(28位)、D1(28位)合并得到56位,再经过缩小选择换位2,从而便得到了密钥K0(48位)。依此类推,便可得到K1、K2、……、K15,不过需要注意的是,16次循环左移对应的左移位数要依据下述规则进行: 
       循环左移位数 
1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1 
  以上介绍了DES算法的加密过程。DES算法的解密过程是一样的,区别仅仅在于第一次迭代时用子密钥K15,第二次K14、……,最后一次用K0,算法本身并没有任何变化。 

二、DES算法的应用误区  

  DES算法具有极高安全性,到目前为止,除了用穷举搜索法对DES算法进行攻击外,还没有发现更有效的办法。而56位长的密钥的穷举空间为256,这意味着如果一台计算机的速度是每一秒种检测一百万个密钥,则它搜索完全部密钥就需要将近2285年的时间,可见,这是难以实现的,当然,随着科学技术的发展,当出现超高速计算机后,我们可考虑把DES密钥的长度再增长一些,以此来达到更高的保密程度。 
  由上述DES算法介绍我们可以看到:DES算法中只用到64位密钥中的其中56位,而第8、16、24、……64位8个位并未参与DES运算,这一点,向我们提出了一个应用上的要求,即DES的安全性是基于除了8,16,24,……64位外的其余56位的组合变化256才得以保证的。因此,在实际应用中,我们应避开使用第8,16,24,……64位作为有效数据位,而使用其它的56位作为有效数据位,才能保证DES算法安全可靠地发挥作用。如果不了解这一点,把密钥Key的8,16,24,….. .64位作为有效数据使用,将不能保证DES加密数据的安全性,对运用DES来达到保密作用的系统产生数据被破译的危险,这正是DES算法在应用上的误区,留下了被人攻击、被人破译的极大隐患。

 

源码:

//初始置换表IP   
int IP_Table[64] = {  57,49,41,33,25,17,9,1,   
                                 59,51,43,35,27,19,11,3,   
                                 61,53,45,37,29,21,13,5,   
                                 63,55,47,39,31,23,15,7,   
                                 56,48,40,32,24,16,8,0,   
                                 58,50,42,34,26,18,10,2,   
                                 60,52,44,36,28,20,12,4,   
                                 62,54,46,38,30,22,14,6};    
//逆初始置换表IP^-1   
int IP_1_Table[64] = {39,7,47,15,55,23,63,31,   
           38,6,46,14,54,22,62,30,   
           37,5,45,13,53,21,61,29,   
           36,4,44,12,52,20,60,28,   
           35,3,43,11,51,19,59,27,   
           34,2,42,10,50,18,58,26,   
           33,1,41,9,49,17,57,25,   
           32,0,40,8,48,16,56,24};   
  
//扩充置换表E   
int E_Table[48] = {31, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,   
                  3,  4, 5, 6, 7, 8,   
                  7,  8,9,10,11,12,   
                  11,12,13,14,15,16,   
                  15,16,17,18,19,20,   
                  19,20,21,22,23,24,   
                  23,24,25,26,27,28,   
                  27,28,29,30,31, 0};   
  
//置换函数P   
int P_Table[32] = {15,6,19,20,28,11,27,16,   
                  0,14,22,25,4,17,30,9,   
                  1,7,23,13,31,26,2,8,   
                  18,12,29,5,21,10,3,24};   
  
//S盒   
int S[8][4][16] =//S1   
            {{{14,4,13,1,2,15,11,8,3,10,6,12,5,9,0,7},   
              {0,15,7,4,14,2,13,1,10,6,12,11,9,5,3,8},   
                {4,1,14,8,13,6,2,11,15,12,9,7,3,10,5,0},   
                {15,12,8,2,4,9,1,7,5,11,3,14,10,0,6,13}},   
                //S2   
              {{15,1,8,14,6,11,3,4,9,7,2,13,12,0,5,10},   
              {3,13,4,7,15,2,8,14,12,0,1,10,6,9,11,5},   
              {0,14,7,11,10,4,13,1,5,8,12,6,9,3,2,15},   
              {13,8,10,1,3,15,4,2,11,6,7,12,0,5,14,9}},   
              //S3   
              {{10,0,9,14,6,3,15,5,1,13,12,7,11,4,2,8},   
              {13,7,0,9,3,4,6,10,2,8,5,14,12,11,15,1},   
                {13,6,4,9,8,15,3,0,11,1,2,12,5,10,14,7},   
              {1,10,13,0,6,9,8,7,4,15,14,3,11,5,2,12}},   
              //S4   
              {{7,13,14,3,0,6,9,10,1,2,8,5,11,12,4,15},   
              {13,8,11,5,6,15,0,3,4,7,2,12,1,10,14,9},   
              {10,6,9,0,12,11,7,13,15,1,3,14,5,2,8,4},   
              {3,15,0,6,10,1,13,8,9,4,5,11,12,7,2,14}},   
              //S5   
              {{2,12,4,1,7,10,11,6,8,5,3,15,13,0,14,9},   
              {14,11,2,12,4,7,13,1,5,0,15,10,3,9,8,6},   
              {4,2,1,11,10,13,7,8,15,9,12,5,6,3,0,14},   
              {11,8,12,7,1,14,2,13,6,15,0,9,10,4,5,3}},   
              //S6   
              {{12,1,10,15,9,2,6,8,0,13,3,4,14,7,5,11},   
              {10,15,4,2,7,12,9,5,6,1,13,14,0,11,3,8},   
              {9,14,15,5,2,8,12,3,7,0,4,10,1,13,11,6},   
              {4,3,2,12,9,5,15,10,11,14,1,7,6,0,8,13}},   
              //S7   
              {{4,11,2,14,15,0,8,13,3,12,9,7,5,10,6,1},   
              {13,0,11,7,4,9,1,10,14,3,5,12,2,15,8,6},   
              {1,4,11,13,12,3,7,14,10,15,6,8,0,5,9,2},   
              {6,11,13,8,1,4,10,7,9,5,0,15,14,2,3,12}},   
              //S8   
              {{13,2,8,4,6,15,11,1,10,9,3,14,5,0,12,7},   
              {1,15,13,8,10,3,7,4,12,5,6,11,0,14,9,2},   
              {7,11,4,1,9,12,14,2,0,6,10,13,15,3,5,8},   
              {2,1,14,7,4,10,8,13,15,12,9,0,3,5,6,11}}};   
//置换选择1   
int PC_1[56] = {56,48,40,32,24,16,8,   
              0,57,49,41,33,25,17,   
              9,1,58,50,42,34,26,   
              18,10,2,59,51,43,35,   
              62,54,46,38,30,22,14,   
              6,61,53,45,37,29,21,   
              13,5,60,52,44,36,28,   
              20,12,4,27,19,11,3};   
  
//置换选择2   
int PC_2[48] = {13,16,10,23,0,4,2,27,   
              14,5,20,9,22,18,11,3,   
              25,7,15,6,26,19,12,1,   
              40,51,30,36,46,54,29,39,   
              50,44,32,46,43,48,38,55,   
              33,52,45,41,49,35,28,31};   
  
//对左移次数的规定   
int MOVE_TIMES[16] = {1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1};  

 //初始置换表IP
int IP_Table[64] = {  57,49,41,33,25,17,9,1,
                                 59,51,43,35,27,19,11,3,
                                 61,53,45,37,29,21,13,5,
                                 63,55,47,39,31,23,15,7,
                                 56,48,40,32,24,16,8,0,
                                 58,50,42,34,26,18,10,2,
                                 60,52,44,36,28,20,12,4,
                                 62,54,46,38,30,22,14,6}; 
//逆初始置换表IP^-1
int IP_1_Table[64] = {39,7,47,15,55,23,63,31,
		   38,6,46,14,54,22,62,30,
		   37,5,45,13,53,21,61,29,
		   36,4,44,12,52,20,60,28,
		   35,3,43,11,51,19,59,27,
		   34,2,42,10,50,18,58,26,
		   33,1,41,9,49,17,57,25,
		   32,0,40,8,48,16,56,24};

//扩充置换表E
int E_Table[48] = {31, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
	              3,  4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
	              7,  8,9,10,11,12,
	              11,12,13,14,15,16,
	              15,16,17,18,19,20,
	              19,20,21,22,23,24,
	              23,24,25,26,27,28,
	              27,28,29,30,31, 0};

//置换函数P
int P_Table[32] = {15,6,19,20,28,11,27,16,
				  0,14,22,25,4,17,30,9,
				  1,7,23,13,31,26,2,8,
				  18,12,29,5,21,10,3,24};

//S盒
int S[8][4][16] =//S1
 	         {{{14,4,13,1,2,15,11,8,3,10,6,12,5,9,0,7},
   	         {0,15,7,4,14,2,13,1,10,6,12,11,9,5,3,8},
  	          {4,1,14,8,13,6,2,11,15,12,9,7,3,10,5,0},
  	          {15,12,8,2,4,9,1,7,5,11,3,14,10,0,6,13}},
  	          //S2
 	           {{15,1,8,14,6,11,3,4,9,7,2,13,12,0,5,10},
 	           {3,13,4,7,15,2,8,14,12,0,1,10,6,9,11,5},
 	           {0,14,7,11,10,4,13,1,5,8,12,6,9,3,2,15},
 	           {13,8,10,1,3,15,4,2,11,6,7,12,0,5,14,9}},
 	           //S3
 	           {{10,0,9,14,6,3,15,5,1,13,12,7,11,4,2,8},
 	           {13,7,0,9,3,4,6,10,2,8,5,14,12,11,15,1},
   	           {13,6,4,9,8,15,3,0,11,1,2,12,5,10,14,7},
 	           {1,10,13,0,6,9,8,7,4,15,14,3,11,5,2,12}},
 	           //S4
 	           {{7,13,14,3,0,6,9,10,1,2,8,5,11,12,4,15},
 	           {13,8,11,5,6,15,0,3,4,7,2,12,1,10,14,9},
 	           {10,6,9,0,12,11,7,13,15,1,3,14,5,2,8,4},
 	           {3,15,0,6,10,1,13,8,9,4,5,11,12,7,2,14}},
 	           //S5
 	           {{2,12,4,1,7,10,11,6,8,5,3,15,13,0,14,9},
 	           {14,11,2,12,4,7,13,1,5,0,15,10,3,9,8,6},
 	           {4,2,1,11,10,13,7,8,15,9,12,5,6,3,0,14},
 	           {11,8,12,7,1,14,2,13,6,15,0,9,10,4,5,3}},
 	           //S6
 	           {{12,1,10,15,9,2,6,8,0,13,3,4,14,7,5,11},
 	           {10,15,4,2,7,12,9,5,6,1,13,14,0,11,3,8},
 	           {9,14,15,5,2,8,12,3,7,0,4,10,1,13,11,6},
 	           {4,3,2,12,9,5,15,10,11,14,1,7,6,0,8,13}},
 	           //S7
 	           {{4,11,2,14,15,0,8,13,3,12,9,7,5,10,6,1},
 	           {13,0,11,7,4,9,1,10,14,3,5,12,2,15,8,6},
 	           {1,4,11,13,12,3,7,14,10,15,6,8,0,5,9,2},
 	           {6,11,13,8,1,4,10,7,9,5,0,15,14,2,3,12}},
 	           //S8
 	           {{13,2,8,4,6,15,11,1,10,9,3,14,5,0,12,7},
 	           {1,15,13,8,10,3,7,4,12,5,6,11,0,14,9,2},
 	           {7,11,4,1,9,12,14,2,0,6,10,13,15,3,5,8},
 	           {2,1,14,7,4,10,8,13,15,12,9,0,3,5,6,11}}};
//置换选择1
int PC_1[56] = {56,48,40,32,24,16,8,
	          0,57,49,41,33,25,17,
	          9,1,58,50,42,34,26,
	          18,10,2,59,51,43,35,
	          62,54,46,38,30,22,14,
	          6,61,53,45,37,29,21,
	          13,5,60,52,44,36,28,
	          20,12,4,27,19,11,3};

//置换选择2
int PC_2[48] = {13,16,10,23,0,4,2,27,
	          14,5,20,9,22,18,11,3,
	          25,7,15,6,26,19,12,1,
	          40,51,30,36,46,54,29,39,
	          50,44,32,46,43,48,38,55,
	          33,52,45,41,49,35,28,31};

//对左移次数的规定
int MOVE_TIMES[16] = {1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,1};

  

int ByteToBit(ElemType ch,ElemType bit[8]);   
int BitToByte(ElemType bit[8],ElemType *ch);   
int Char8ToBit64(ElemType ch[8],ElemType bit[64]);   
int Bit64ToChar8(ElemType bit[64],ElemType ch[8]);   
int DES_MakeSubKeys(ElemType key[64],ElemType subKeys[16][48]);   
int DES_PC1_Transform(ElemType key[64], ElemType tempbts[56]);   
int DES_PC2_Transform(ElemType key[56], ElemType tempbts[48]);   
int DES_ROL(ElemType data[56], int time);   
int DES_IP_Transform(ElemType data[64]);   
int DES_IP_1_Transform(ElemType data[64]);   
int DES_E_Transform(ElemType data[48]);   
int DES_P_Transform(ElemType data[32]);   
int DES_SBOX(ElemType data[48]);   
int DES_XOR(ElemType R[48], ElemType L[48],int count);   
int DES_Swap(ElemType left[32],ElemType right[32]);   
int DES_EncryptBlock(ElemType plainBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48], ElemType cipherBlock[8]);   
int DES_DecryptBlock(ElemType cipherBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48], ElemType plainBlock[8]);   
int DES_Encrypt(char *plainFile, char *keyStr,char *cipherFile);   
int DES_Decrypt(char *cipherFile, char *keyStr,char *plainFile);  

int ByteToBit(ElemType ch,ElemType bit[8]);
int BitToByte(ElemType bit[8],ElemType *ch);
int Char8ToBit64(ElemType ch[8],ElemType bit[64]);
int Bit64ToChar8(ElemType bit[64],ElemType ch[8]);
int DES_MakeSubKeys(ElemType key[64],ElemType subKeys[16][48]);
int DES_PC1_Transform(ElemType key[64], ElemType tempbts[56]);
int DES_PC2_Transform(ElemType key[56], ElemType tempbts[48]);
int DES_ROL(ElemType data[56], int time);
int DES_IP_Transform(ElemType data[64]);
int DES_IP_1_Transform(ElemType data[64]);
int DES_E_Transform(ElemType data[48]);
int DES_P_Transform(ElemType data[32]);
int DES_SBOX(ElemType data[48]);
int DES_XOR(ElemType R[48], ElemType L[48],int count);
int DES_Swap(ElemType left[32],ElemType right[32]);
int DES_EncryptBlock(ElemType plainBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48], ElemType cipherBlock[8]);
int DES_DecryptBlock(ElemType cipherBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48], ElemType plainBlock[8]);
int DES_Encrypt(char *plainFile, char *keyStr,char *cipherFile);
int DES_Decrypt(char *cipherFile, char *keyStr,char *plainFile); 

  

//字节转换成二进制   
int ByteToBit(ElemType ch, ElemType bit[8]){   
    int cnt;   
    for(cnt = 0;cnt < 8; cnt++){   
        *(bit+cnt) = (ch>>cnt)&1;   
    }   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//二进制转换成字节   
int BitToByte(ElemType bit[8],ElemType *ch){   
    int cnt;   
    for(cnt = 0;cnt < 8; cnt++){   
        *ch |= *(bit + cnt)<<cnt;   
    }   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//将长度为8的字符串转为二进制位串   
int Char8ToBit64(ElemType ch[8],ElemType bit[64]){   
    int cnt;   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 8; cnt++){           
        ByteToBit(*(ch+cnt),bit+(cnt<<3));   
    }   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//将二进制位串转为长度为8的字符串   
int Bit64ToChar8(ElemType bit[64],ElemType ch[8]){   
    int cnt;   
    memset(ch,0,8);   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 8; cnt++){   
        BitToByte(bit+(cnt<<3),ch+cnt);   
    }   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//生成子密钥   
int DES_MakeSubKeys(ElemType key[64],ElemType subKeys[16][48]){   
    ElemType temp[56];   
    int cnt;   
    DES_PC1_Transform(key,temp);//PC1置换   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 16; cnt++){//16轮跌代,产生16个子密钥   
        DES_ROL(temp,MOVE_TIMES[cnt]);//循环左移   
        DES_PC2_Transform(temp,subKeys[cnt]);//PC2置换,产生子密钥   
    }   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//密钥置换1   
int DES_PC1_Transform(ElemType key[64], ElemType tempbts[56]){   
    int cnt;       
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 56; cnt++){   
        tempbts[cnt] = key[PC_1[cnt]];   
    }   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//密钥置换2   
int DES_PC2_Transform(ElemType key[56], ElemType tempbts[48]){   
    int cnt;   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 48; cnt++){   
        tempbts[cnt] = key[PC_2[cnt]];   
    }   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//循环左移   
int DES_ROL(ElemType data[56], int time){      
    ElemType temp[56];   
  
    //保存将要循环移动到右边的位   
    memcpy(temp,data,time);   
    memcpy(temp+time,data+28,time);   
       
    //前28位移动   
    memcpy(data,data+time,28-time);   
    memcpy(data+28-time,temp,time);   
  
    //后28位移动   
    memcpy(data+28,data+28+time,28-time);   
    memcpy(data+56-time,temp+time,time);       
  
    return 0;   
}   
  
//IP置换   
int DES_IP_Transform(ElemType data[64]){   
    int cnt;   
    ElemType temp[64];   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 64; cnt++){   
        temp[cnt] = data[IP_Table[cnt]];   
    }   
    memcpy(data,temp,64);   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//IP逆置换   
int DES_IP_1_Transform(ElemType data[64]){   
    int cnt;   
    ElemType temp[64];   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 64; cnt++){   
        temp[cnt] = data[IP_1_Table[cnt]];   
    }   
    memcpy(data,temp,64);   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//扩展置换   
int DES_E_Transform(ElemType data[48]){   
    int cnt;   
    ElemType temp[48];   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 48; cnt++){   
        temp[cnt] = data[E_Table[cnt]];   
    }      
    memcpy(data,temp,48);   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//P置换   
int DES_P_Transform(ElemType data[32]){   
    int cnt;   
    ElemType temp[32];   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 32; cnt++){   
        temp[cnt] = data[P_Table[cnt]];   
    }      
    memcpy(data,temp,32);   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//异或   
int DES_XOR(ElemType R[48], ElemType L[48] ,int count){   
    int cnt;   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < count; cnt++){   
        R[cnt] ^= L[cnt];   
    }   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//S盒置换   
int DES_SBOX(ElemType data[48]){   
    int cnt;   
    int line,row,output;   
    int cur1,cur2;   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 8; cnt++){   
        cur1 = cnt*6;   
        cur2 = cnt<<2;   
           
        //计算在S盒中的行与列   
        line = (data[cur1]<<1) + data[cur1+5];   
        row = (data[cur1+1]<<3) + (data[cur1+2]<<2)   
            + (data[cur1+3]<<1) + data[cur1+4];   
        output = S[cnt][line][row];   
  
        //化为2进制   
        data[cur2] = (output&0X08)>>3;   
        data[cur2+1] = (output&0X04)>>2;   
        data[cur2+2] = (output&0X02)>>1;   
        data[cur2+3] = output&0x01;   
    }      
    return 0;   
}   
  
//交换   
int DES_Swap(ElemType left[32], ElemType right[32]){   
    ElemType temp[32];   
    memcpy(temp,left,32);      
    memcpy(left,right,32);     
    memcpy(right,temp,32);   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//加密单个分组   
int DES_EncryptBlock(ElemType plainBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48], ElemType cipherBlock[8]){   
    ElemType plainBits[64];   
    ElemType copyRight[48];   
    int cnt;   
  
    Char8ToBit64(plainBlock,plainBits);        
    //初始置换(IP置换)   
    DES_IP_Transform(plainBits);   
  
    //16轮迭代   
    for(cnt = 0; cnt < 16; cnt++){          
        memcpy(copyRight,plainBits+32,32);   
        //将右半部分进行扩展置换,从32位扩展到48位   
        DES_E_Transform(copyRight);   
        //将右半部分与子密钥进行异或操作   
        DES_XOR(copyRight,subKeys[cnt],48);    
        //异或结果进入S盒,输出32位结果   
        DES_SBOX(copyRight);   
        //P置换   
        DES_P_Transform(copyRight);   
        //将明文左半部分与右半部分进行异或   
        DES_XOR(plainBits,copyRight,32);   
        if(cnt != 15){   
            //最终完成左右部的交换   
            DES_Swap(plainBits,plainBits+32);   
        }   
    }   
    //逆初始置换(IP^1置换)   
    DES_IP_1_Transform(plainBits);   
    Bit64ToChar8(plainBits,cipherBlock);   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//解密单个分组   
int DES_DecryptBlock(ElemType cipherBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48],ElemType plainBlock[8]){   
    ElemType cipherBits[64];   
    ElemType copyRight[48];   
    int cnt;   
  
    Char8ToBit64(cipherBlock,cipherBits);          
    //初始置换(IP置换)   
    DES_IP_Transform(cipherBits);   
       
    //16轮迭代   
    for(cnt = 15; cnt >= 0; cnt--){         
        memcpy(copyRight,cipherBits+32,32);   
        //将右半部分进行扩展置换,从32位扩展到48位   
        DES_E_Transform(copyRight);   
        //将右半部分与子密钥进行异或操作   
        DES_XOR(copyRight,subKeys[cnt],48);        
        //异或结果进入S盒,输出32位结果   
        DES_SBOX(copyRight);   
        //P置换   
        DES_P_Transform(copyRight);        
        //将明文左半部分与右半部分进行异或   
        DES_XOR(cipherBits,copyRight,32);   
        if(cnt != 0){   
            //最终完成左右部的交换   
            DES_Swap(cipherBits,cipherBits+32);   
        }   
    }   
    //逆初始置换(IP^1置换)   
    DES_IP_1_Transform(cipherBits);   
    Bit64ToChar8(cipherBits,plainBlock);   
    return 0;   
}   
  
//加密文件   
int DES_Encrypt(char *plainFile, char *keyStr,char *cipherFile){   
    FILE *plain,*cipher;   
    int count;   
    ElemType plainBlock[8],cipherBlock[8],keyBlock[8];   
    ElemType bKey[64];   
    ElemType subKeys[16][48];   
    if((plain = fopen(plainFile,"rb")) == NULL){   
        return PLAIN_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;   
    }      
    if((cipher = fopen(cipherFile,"wb")) == NULL){   
        return CIPHER_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;   
    }   
    //设置密钥   
    memcpy(keyBlock,keyStr,8);   
    //将密钥转换为二进制流   
    Char8ToBit64(keyBlock,bKey);   
    //生成子密钥   
    DES_MakeSubKeys(bKey,subKeys);   
       
    while(!feof(plain)){   
        //每次读8个字节,并返回成功读取的字节数   
        if((count = fread(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8,plain)) == 8){   
            DES_EncryptBlock(plainBlock,subKeys,cipherBlock);   
            fwrite(cipherBlock,sizeof(char),8,cipher);     
        }   
    }   
    if(count){   
        //填充   
        memset(plainBlock + count,‘\0‘,7 - count);   
        //最后一个字符保存包括最后一个字符在内的所填充的字符数量   
        plainBlock[7] = 8 - count;   
        DES_EncryptBlock(plainBlock,subKeys,cipherBlock);   
        fwrite(cipherBlock,sizeof(char),8,cipher);   
    }   
    fclose(plain);   
    fclose(cipher);   
    return OK;   
}   
  
//解密文件   
int DES_Decrypt(char *cipherFile, char *keyStr,char *plainFile){   
    FILE *plain, *cipher;   
    int count,times = 0;   
    long fileLen;   
    ElemType plainBlock[8],cipherBlock[8],keyBlock[8];   
    ElemType bKey[64];   
    ElemType subKeys[16][48];   
    if((cipher = fopen(cipherFile,"rb")) == NULL){   
        return CIPHER_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;   
    }   
    if((plain = fopen(plainFile,"wb")) == NULL){   
        return PLAIN_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;   
    }   
  
    //设置密钥   
    memcpy(keyBlock,keyStr,8);   
    //将密钥转换为二进制流   
    Char8ToBit64(keyBlock,bKey);   
    //生成子密钥   
    DES_MakeSubKeys(bKey,subKeys);   
  
    //取文件长度    
    fseek(cipher,0,SEEK_END);   //将文件指针置尾   
    fileLen = ftell(cipher);    //取文件指针当前位置   
    rewind(cipher);             //将文件指针重指向文件头   
    while(1){   
        //密文的字节数一定是8的整数倍   
        fread(cipherBlock,sizeof(char),8,cipher);   
        DES_DecryptBlock(cipherBlock,subKeys,plainBlock);                          
        times += 8;   
        if(times < fileLen){   
            fwrite(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8,plain);   
        }   
        else{   
            break;   
        }   
    }   
    //判断末尾是否被填充   
    if(plainBlock[7] < 8){   
        for(count = 8 - plainBlock[7]; count < 7; count++){   
            if(plainBlock[count] != ‘\0‘){   
                break;   
            }   
        }   
    }      
    if(count == 7){//有填充   
        fwrite(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8 - plainBlock[7],plain);   
    }   
    else{//无填充   
        fwrite(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8,plain);   
    }   
  
    fclose(plain);   
    fclose(cipher);   
    return OK;   
}  

//字节转换成二进制
int ByteToBit(ElemType ch, ElemType bit[8]){
	int cnt;
	for(cnt = 0;cnt < 8; cnt++){
		*(bit+cnt) = (ch>>cnt)&1;
	}
	return 0;
}

//二进制转换成字节
int BitToByte(ElemType bit[8],ElemType *ch){
	int cnt;
	for(cnt = 0;cnt < 8; cnt++){
		*ch |= *(bit + cnt)<<cnt;
	}
	return 0;
}

//将长度为8的字符串转为二进制位串
int Char8ToBit64(ElemType ch[8],ElemType bit[64]){
	int cnt;
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 8; cnt++){		
		ByteToBit(*(ch+cnt),bit+(cnt<<3));
	}
	return 0;
}

//将二进制位串转为长度为8的字符串
int Bit64ToChar8(ElemType bit[64],ElemType ch[8]){
	int cnt;
	memset(ch,0,8);
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 8; cnt++){
		BitToByte(bit+(cnt<<3),ch+cnt);
	}
	return 0;
}

//生成子密钥
int DES_MakeSubKeys(ElemType key[64],ElemType subKeys[16][48]){
	ElemType temp[56];
	int cnt;
	DES_PC1_Transform(key,temp);//PC1置换
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 16; cnt++){//16轮跌代,产生16个子密钥
		DES_ROL(temp,MOVE_TIMES[cnt]);//循环左移
		DES_PC2_Transform(temp,subKeys[cnt]);//PC2置换,产生子密钥
	}
	return 0;
}

//密钥置换1
int DES_PC1_Transform(ElemType key[64], ElemType tempbts[56]){
	int cnt;	
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 56; cnt++){
		tempbts[cnt] = key[PC_1[cnt]];
	}
	return 0;
}

//密钥置换2
int DES_PC2_Transform(ElemType key[56], ElemType tempbts[48]){
	int cnt;
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 48; cnt++){
		tempbts[cnt] = key[PC_2[cnt]];
	}
	return 0;
}

//循环左移
int DES_ROL(ElemType data[56], int time){	
	ElemType temp[56];

	//保存将要循环移动到右边的位
	memcpy(temp,data,time);
	memcpy(temp+time,data+28,time);
	
	//前28位移动
	memcpy(data,data+time,28-time);
	memcpy(data+28-time,temp,time);

	//后28位移动
	memcpy(data+28,data+28+time,28-time);
	memcpy(data+56-time,temp+time,time);	

	return 0;
}

//IP置换
int DES_IP_Transform(ElemType data[64]){
	int cnt;
	ElemType temp[64];
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 64; cnt++){
		temp[cnt] = data[IP_Table[cnt]];
	}
	memcpy(data,temp,64);
	return 0;
}

//IP逆置换
int DES_IP_1_Transform(ElemType data[64]){
	int cnt;
	ElemType temp[64];
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 64; cnt++){
		temp[cnt] = data[IP_1_Table[cnt]];
	}
	memcpy(data,temp,64);
	return 0;
}

//扩展置换
int DES_E_Transform(ElemType data[48]){
	int cnt;
	ElemType temp[48];
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 48; cnt++){
		temp[cnt] = data[E_Table[cnt]];
	}	
	memcpy(data,temp,48);
	return 0;
}

//P置换
int DES_P_Transform(ElemType data[32]){
	int cnt;
	ElemType temp[32];
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 32; cnt++){
		temp[cnt] = data[P_Table[cnt]];
	}	
	memcpy(data,temp,32);
	return 0;
}

//异或
int DES_XOR(ElemType R[48], ElemType L[48] ,int count){
	int cnt;
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < count; cnt++){
		R[cnt] ^= L[cnt];
	}
	return 0;
}

//S盒置换
int DES_SBOX(ElemType data[48]){
	int cnt;
	int line,row,output;
	int cur1,cur2;
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 8; cnt++){
		cur1 = cnt*6;
		cur2 = cnt<<2;
		
		//计算在S盒中的行与列
		line = (data[cur1]<<1) + data[cur1+5];
		row = (data[cur1+1]<<3) + (data[cur1+2]<<2)
			+ (data[cur1+3]<<1) + data[cur1+4];
		output = S[cnt][line][row];

		//化为2进制
		data[cur2] = (output&0X08)>>3;
		data[cur2+1] = (output&0X04)>>2;
		data[cur2+2] = (output&0X02)>>1;
		data[cur2+3] = output&0x01;
	}	
	return 0;
}

//交换
int DES_Swap(ElemType left[32], ElemType right[32]){
	ElemType temp[32];
	memcpy(temp,left,32);	
	memcpy(left,right,32);	
	memcpy(right,temp,32);
	return 0;
}

//加密单个分组
int DES_EncryptBlock(ElemType plainBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48], ElemType cipherBlock[8]){
	ElemType plainBits[64];
	ElemType copyRight[48];
	int cnt;

	Char8ToBit64(plainBlock,plainBits);		
	//初始置换(IP置换)
	DES_IP_Transform(plainBits);

	//16轮迭代
	for(cnt = 0; cnt < 16; cnt++){		
		memcpy(copyRight,plainBits+32,32);
		//将右半部分进行扩展置换,从32位扩展到48位
		DES_E_Transform(copyRight);
		//将右半部分与子密钥进行异或操作
		DES_XOR(copyRight,subKeys[cnt],48);	
		//异或结果进入S盒,输出32位结果
		DES_SBOX(copyRight);
		//P置换
		DES_P_Transform(copyRight);
		//将明文左半部分与右半部分进行异或
		DES_XOR(plainBits,copyRight,32);
		if(cnt != 15){
			//最终完成左右部的交换
			DES_Swap(plainBits,plainBits+32);
		}
	}
	//逆初始置换(IP^1置换)
	DES_IP_1_Transform(plainBits);
	Bit64ToChar8(plainBits,cipherBlock);
	return 0;
}

//解密单个分组
int DES_DecryptBlock(ElemType cipherBlock[8], ElemType subKeys[16][48],ElemType plainBlock[8]){
	ElemType cipherBits[64];
	ElemType copyRight[48];
	int cnt;

	Char8ToBit64(cipherBlock,cipherBits);		
	//初始置换(IP置换)
	DES_IP_Transform(cipherBits);
	
	//16轮迭代
	for(cnt = 15; cnt >= 0; cnt--){		
		memcpy(copyRight,cipherBits+32,32);
		//将右半部分进行扩展置换,从32位扩展到48位
		DES_E_Transform(copyRight);
		//将右半部分与子密钥进行异或操作
		DES_XOR(copyRight,subKeys[cnt],48);		
		//异或结果进入S盒,输出32位结果
		DES_SBOX(copyRight);
		//P置换
		DES_P_Transform(copyRight);		
		//将明文左半部分与右半部分进行异或
		DES_XOR(cipherBits,copyRight,32);
		if(cnt != 0){
			//最终完成左右部的交换
			DES_Swap(cipherBits,cipherBits+32);
		}
	}
	//逆初始置换(IP^1置换)
	DES_IP_1_Transform(cipherBits);
	Bit64ToChar8(cipherBits,plainBlock);
	return 0;
}

//加密文件
int DES_Encrypt(char *plainFile, char *keyStr,char *cipherFile){
	FILE *plain,*cipher;
	int count;
	ElemType plainBlock[8],cipherBlock[8],keyBlock[8];
	ElemType bKey[64];
	ElemType subKeys[16][48];
	if((plain = fopen(plainFile,"rb")) == NULL){
		return PLAIN_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;
	}	
	if((cipher = fopen(cipherFile,"wb")) == NULL){
		return CIPHER_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;
	}
	//设置密钥
	memcpy(keyBlock,keyStr,8);
	//将密钥转换为二进制流
	Char8ToBit64(keyBlock,bKey);
	//生成子密钥
	DES_MakeSubKeys(bKey,subKeys);
	
	while(!feof(plain)){
		//每次读8个字节,并返回成功读取的字节数
		if((count = fread(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8,plain)) == 8){
			DES_EncryptBlock(plainBlock,subKeys,cipherBlock);
			fwrite(cipherBlock,sizeof(char),8,cipher);	
		}
	}
	if(count){
		//填充
		memset(plainBlock + count,‘\0‘,7 - count);
		//最后一个字符保存包括最后一个字符在内的所填充的字符数量
		plainBlock[7] = 8 - count;
		DES_EncryptBlock(plainBlock,subKeys,cipherBlock);
		fwrite(cipherBlock,sizeof(char),8,cipher);
	}
	fclose(plain);
	fclose(cipher);
	return OK;
}

//解密文件
int DES_Decrypt(char *cipherFile, char *keyStr,char *plainFile){
	FILE *plain, *cipher;
	int count,times = 0;
	long fileLen;
	ElemType plainBlock[8],cipherBlock[8],keyBlock[8];
	ElemType bKey[64];
	ElemType subKeys[16][48];
	if((cipher = fopen(cipherFile,"rb")) == NULL){
		return CIPHER_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;
	}
	if((plain = fopen(plainFile,"wb")) == NULL){
		return PLAIN_FILE_OPEN_ERROR;
	}

	//设置密钥
	memcpy(keyBlock,keyStr,8);
	//将密钥转换为二进制流
	Char8ToBit64(keyBlock,bKey);
	//生成子密钥
	DES_MakeSubKeys(bKey,subKeys);

	//取文件长度	
	fseek(cipher,0,SEEK_END);	//将文件指针置尾
	fileLen = ftell(cipher);	//取文件指针当前位置
	rewind(cipher);				//将文件指针重指向文件头
	while(1){
		//密文的字节数一定是8的整数倍
		fread(cipherBlock,sizeof(char),8,cipher);
		DES_DecryptBlock(cipherBlock,subKeys,plainBlock);						
		times += 8;
		if(times < fileLen){
			fwrite(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8,plain);
		}
		else{
			break;
		}
	}
	//判断末尾是否被填充
	if(plainBlock[7] < 8){
		for(count = 8 - plainBlock[7]; count < 7; count++){
			if(plainBlock[count] != ‘\0‘){
				break;
			}
		}
	}	
	if(count == 7){//有填充
		fwrite(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8 - plainBlock[7],plain);
	}
	else{//无填充
		fwrite(plainBlock,sizeof(char),8,plain);
	}

	fclose(plain);
	fclose(cipher);
	return OK;
}    最后,写一个简单的main函数来检验它:    

C代码 
int main()   
{      
    clock_t a,b;   
    a = clock();   
    DES_Encrypt("1.txt","key.txt","2.txt");   
    b = clock();   
    printf("加密消耗%d毫秒\n",b-a);   
       
    system("pause");   
    a = clock();   
    DES_Decrypt("2.txt","key.txt","3.txt");   
    b = clock();   
    printf("解密消耗%d毫秒\n",b-a);   
    getchar();   
    return 0;   
} 

  

DES算法解析

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原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/chars/p/4984269.html

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