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一、公钥认证的基本思想：
对信息的加密和解密采用不同的key，这对key分别称作private key和public key，其中，public key存放在目标服务器上，而private key为特定的客户机所持有。
当客户机向服务器发出建立安全连接的请求时，首先发送自己的public key，如果这个public key是被服务器所允许的，服务器就发送一个经过public key加密的随机数据给客户机，这个数据只能通过private key解密，客户机将解密后的信息发还给服务器，服务器验证正确后即确认客户机是可信任的，从而建立起一条安全的信息通道。
通过这种方式，客户机不需要向外发送自己的身份标志“private key”即可达到校验的目的，并且private key是不能通过public key反向推断出来的。这避免了网络窃听可能造成的密码泄露。客户机需要小心的保存自己的private key，以免被其他人窃取，一旦这样的事情发生，就需要各服务器更换受信的public key列表。
二、无密码登录实现方式（server1 publickey连接server2免密码登录）
1、用ssh-keygen创建公钥（server1）
[root@server1 ~]# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key(/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory ‘/root/.ssh‘.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): （此处密码决定终端连接时使用的私钥密码）
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in/root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
7b:aa:08:a0:99:fc:d9:cc:d8:2e:4b:1a:c0:6b:da:e4root@Server1
The key‘s randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| |
| |
| |
|. |
|o. S |
|++. . |
|+=o. . . |
|o+=oB. o |
|..E==*... |
+-----------------+
补充说明 ssh-keygen:生成秘钥，其中：
-t指定算法
-f 指定生成秘钥路径
-N 指定密码
2、查看生成证书：
[root@server1]$ ll /root/.ssh/
total 16
-rw------- 1 yida yida 1675 Mar 31 11:42 id_rsa
-rw-r--r-- 1 yida yida 399 Mar 31 11:42 id_rsa.pub
3、将server1 publickey复制到server2 authorized_keys，需要输入server2 root用户密码
[root@server1 .ssh]$ ssh-copy-id -i id_rsa.pub root@10.207.0.179
The authenticity of host ‘10.207.0.179 (10.207.0.179)‘ can‘t be established.
RSA key fingerprint is 94:5f:47:a8:ae:0b:b0:31:0f:ce:6b:86:08:51:98:a7.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added ‘10.207.0.179‘ (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
Address 10.207.0.179 maps to localhost, but this does not map back to the address - POSSIBLE BREAK-IN ATTEMPT!
Password:
Now try logging into the machine, with "ssh ‘root@10.207.0.179‘", and check in:
.ssh/authorized_keys
to make sure we haven‘t added extra keys that you weren‘t expecting.
[yida@yw_d10075798 .ssh]$
4、server2 查看public key文件
[root@server2]$ ll
total 16
-rw------- 1 root root 408 Mar 30 15:43 authorized_keys
5、实现server1登录server2免密码登录
三、SecureCRT客户端使用publickey登录linux
方法一：服务器端生成公钥私钥文件，保留公钥文件为authorized_keys，下载公钥私钥文件到客户端本地，提供给secureCRT连接使用。
1、用ssh-keygen创建公钥（server1）
[root@server1 ~]# ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key(/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory ‘/root/.ssh‘.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): （此处密码决定终端连接时使用的私钥密码）
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in/root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
7b:aa:08:a0:99:fc:d9:cc:d8:2e:4b:1a:c0:6b:da:e4root@Server1
The key‘s randomart image is:
+--[ RSA 2048]----+
| |
| |
| |
|. |
|o. S |
|++. . |
|+=o. . . |
|o+=oB. o |
|..E==*... |
+-----------------+
[root@server1]$ ll /root/.ssh/
total 16
-rw------- 1 yida yida 1675 Mar 31 11:42 id_rsa
-rw-r--r-- 1 yida yida 399 Mar 31 11:42 id_rsa.pub
2、发送公钥私钥到本地，修改公钥为授权证书文件
[root@.ssh~]#sz id_rsa id_rsa.pub
[root@.ssh~]#mv id_rsa.pub authorized_keys
3、设置secureCRT连接
注意生成在server1生成证书时passphrase设置，同时一定要把公钥私钥文件放在本地同一目录下，否则会出现以下报错
4、登陆成功
方法二：在secureCRT客户端生成通用openssh key format公钥私钥文件，并将公钥文件复制到server端authorized_keys文件。
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原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/zyd112/p/5340939.html
