C++的重要概念（综述）

alignas, alignof, and, and_eq, asm, auto, bitand, bitor, bool, break, case, catch, char, char16_t, char32_t, class, compl, const, constexpr, const_cast, continue, 
decltype, default, delete, do, double, dynamic_cast, else, enum, explicit, export, extern, false, float, for, friend, goto, if, inline, int, long, mutable, 
namespace, new, noexcept, not, not_eq, nullptr, operator, or, or_eq, private, protected, public, register, reinterpret_cast, return, short, signed, sizeof, static, 
static_assert, static_cast, struct, switch, template, this, thread_local, throw, true, try, typedef, typeid, typename, union, unsigned, using, virtual, void, volatile, 
wchar_t, while, xor, xor_eq

int    foo = 0;
auto    bar = foo;    //等效于 int    bar = foo;


int    foo = 0;
decltype(foo)    bar;        //等效于 int    bar；

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
  string str {"Hello!"};
  for (char c : str)
  {
    std::cout << "[" << c << "]";
  }
  std::cout << ‘\n‘;
}
//输出 [H][e][l][l][0][!]

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int divide (int a, int b=2)
{
  int r;
  r=a/b;
  return (r);
}

int main ()
{
  cout << divide (12) << ‘\n‘;　　　　　　　　//6
  cout << divide (20,4) << ‘\n‘;　　　　　　　//5
  return 0;
}

// overloading functions
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int operate (int a, int b)
{
  return (a*b);
}

double operate (double a, double b)
{
  return (a/b);
}

int main ()
{
  int x=5,y=2;
  double n=5.0,m=2.0;
  cout << operate (x,y) << ‘\n‘;
  cout << operate (n,m) << ‘\n‘;
  return 0;
}

// overloaded functions
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int sum (int a, int b)
{
  return a+b;
}

double sum (double a, double b)
{
  return a+b;
}

int main ()
{
  cout << sum (10,20) << ‘\n‘;
  cout << sum (1.0,1.5) << ‘\n‘;
  return 0;
}

// function template
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <class T>　　　　//这个类型是相同
T sum (T a, T b)
{
  T result;
  result = a + b;
  return result;
}

int main () {
  int i=5, j=6, k;
  double f=2.0, g=0.5, h;
  k=sum<int>(i,j);
  h=sum<double>(f,g);
  cout << k << ‘\n‘;
  cout << h << ‘\n‘;
  return 0;
}

// function templates
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <class T, class U>　　　　　　//两个不同的类型
bool are_equal (T a, U b)
{
  return (a==b);
}

int main ()
{
  if (are_equal(10,10.0))
    cout << "x and y are equal\n";
  else
    cout << "x and y are not equal\n";
  return 0;
}

// template arguments
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <class T, int N>　　　//模板有一个int型参数N
T fixed_multiply (T val)
{
  return val * N;
}

int main() {
  std::cout << fixed_multiply<int,2>(10) << ‘\n‘;
  std::cout << fixed_multiply<int,3>(10) << ‘\n‘;
}

// namespaces
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace foo
{
  int value() { return 5; }　　　　　　　　//foo::value()
}

namespace bar
{
  const double pi = 3.1416;
  double value() { return 2*pi; }　　　　　//bar::value()
}

int main () {
  cout << foo::value() << ‘\n‘;
  cout << bar::value() << ‘\n‘;
  cout << bar::pi << ‘\n‘;
  return 0;
}

// using
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace first
{
  int x = 5;
  int y = 10;
}

namespace second
{
  double x = 3.1416;
  double y = 2.7183;
}

int main () {
  using first::x;
  using second::y;
  cout << x << ‘\n‘;
  cout << y << ‘\n‘;
  cout << first::y << ‘\n‘;
  cout << second::x << ‘\n‘;
  return 0;
}

// using
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace first
{
  int x = 5;
  int y = 10;
}

namespace second
{
  double x = 3.1416;
  double y = 2.7183;
}

int main () {
  using namespace first;
  cout << x << ‘\n‘;
  cout << y << ‘\n‘;
  cout << second::x << ‘\n‘;
  cout << second::y << ‘\n‘;
  return 0;
}

// using namespace example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

namespace first
{
  int x = 5;
}

namespace second
{
  double x = 3.1416;
}

int main () {
  {
    using namespace first;
    cout << x << ‘\n‘;
  }
  {
    using namespace second;
    cout << x << ‘\n‘;
  }
  return 0;
}

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
  int myarray[3] = {10,20,30};

  for (int i=0; i<3; ++i)
    ++myarray[i];

  for (int elem : myarray)
    cout << elem << ‘\n‘;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <array>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
  array<int,3> myarray {10,20,30};

  for (int i=0; i<myarray.size(); ++i)
    ++myarray[i];

  for (int elem : myarray)
    cout << elem << ‘\n‘;
}

char   str[] = "ABC is string.";
char   str1[] = {‘A‘,‘B‘,‘C‘,‘ ‘,‘i‘,‘s‘,‘ ‘,‘s‘,‘t‘,‘r‘,‘i‘,‘n‘,‘g‘,‘.‘ ,0}
string str2 = "ABC is stirng."

int * foo;
foo = new int [5];

int * foo;
foo = new (nothrow) int [5];
if (foo == nullptr) {
  // error assigning memory. Take measures. 自己处理异常
}


// rememb-o-matic
#include <iostream>
#include <new>
using namespace std;

int main ()
{
  int i,n;
  int * p;
  cout << "How many numbers would you like to type? ";
  cin >> i;
  p= new (nothrow) int[i];
  if (p == nullptr)　　　　//空指针，0？？
    cout << "Error: memory could not be allocated";
  else
  {
    for (n=0; n<i; n++)
    {
      cout << "Enter number: ";
      cin >> p[n];
    }
    cout << "You have entered: ";
    for (n=0; n<i; n++)
      cout << p[n] << ", ";
    delete[] p;
  }
  return 0;
}

结构体
struct product {
  int weight;
  double price;
} ;
product apple;
product banana, melon;
调用
apple.weight
apple.price
banana.weight
banana.price
melon.weight
melon.price

结构体指针
struct movies_t {
  string title;
  int year;
};

movies_t amovie;
movies_t * pmovie;
调用
pmovie->title 等价于
(*pmovie).title

注意  *pmovie.title等价于*(pmovie.title)  在这里是错误的title 不是指针 
点。比*的优先级高

联合

union mytypes_t {
  char c;
  int i;
  float f;
} mytypes;

调用
mytypes.c 
mytypes.i 
mytypes.f

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Rectangle {
    int width, height;
  public:
    Rectangle ();
    Rectangle (int,int);
    int area (void) {return (width*height);}
};

Rectangle::Rectangle () {
  width = 5;
  height = 5;
}

Rectangle::Rectangle (int a, int b) {
  width = a;
  height = b;
}

int main () {
  Rectangle rect (3,4);
  Rectangle rectb;
  cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl;
  cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl;
  return 0;
}

// member initialization
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Circle {
    double radius;
  public:
    Circle(double r) : radius(r) { }
    double area() {return radius*radius*3.14159265;}
};

class Cylinder {
    Circle base;
    double height;
  public:
    Cylinder(double r, double h) : base (r), height(h) {}
    double volume() {return base.area() * height;}
};

int main () {
  Cylinder foo (10,20);

  cout << "foo‘s volume: " << foo.volume() << ‘\n‘;
  return 0;
}

// pointer to classes example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Rectangle {
  int width, height;
public:
  Rectangle(int x, int y) : width(x), height(y) {}
  int area(void) { return width * height; }
};


int main() {
  Rectangle obj (3, 4);
  Rectangle * foo, * bar, * baz;
  foo = &obj;
  bar = new Rectangle (5, 6);
  baz = new Rectangle[2] { {2,5}, {3,6} };
  cout << "obj‘s area: " << obj.area() << ‘\n‘;
  cout << "*foo‘s area: " << foo->area() << ‘\n‘;
  cout << "*bar‘s area: " << bar->area() << ‘\n‘;
  cout << "baz[0]‘s area:" << baz[0].area() << ‘\n‘;
  cout << "baz[1]‘s area:" << baz[1].area() << ‘\n‘;       
  delete bar;
  delete[] baz;
  return 0;
}