Python之路_Day7

conf文件
[section1]
k1 = 123
k2 = v2
[section2]
k1 = v1

class Element:
    """An XML element.
    This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface.
    An element‘s length is its number of subelements.  That means if you
    want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH
    its length AND its text attribute.
    The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
    bytes or strings.
    *tag* is the element name.  *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing
    element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as
    keyword arguments.
    Example form:
        <tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail
    """
    当前节点的标签名
    tag = None
    """The element‘s name."""
    当前节点的属性
    attrib = None
    """Dictionary of the element‘s attributes."""
    当前节点的内容
    text = None
    """
    Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None.
    Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either
    None or the empty string, depending on the parser.
    """
    tail = None
    """
    Text after this element‘s end tag, but before the next sibling element‘s
    start tag.  This is either a string or the value None.  Note that if there
    was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string,
    depending on the parser.
    """
    def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra):
        if not isinstance(attrib, dict):
            raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % (
                attrib.__class__.__name__,))
        attrib = attrib.copy()
        attrib.update(extra)
        self.tag = tag
        self.attrib = attrib
        self._children = []
    def __repr__(self):
        return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self))
    def makeelement(self, tag, attrib):
        创建一个新节点
        """Create a new element with the same type.
        *tag* is a string containing the element name.
        *attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes.
        Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead.
        """
        return self.__class__(tag, attrib)
    def copy(self):
        """Return copy of current element.
        This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the
        original tree.
        """
        elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib)
        elem.text = self.text
        elem.tail = self.tail
        elem[:] = self
        return elem
    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._children)
    def __bool__(self):
        warnings.warn(
            "The behavior of this method will change in future versions.  "
            "Use specific ‘len(elem)‘ or ‘elem is not None‘ test instead.",
            FutureWarning, stacklevel=2
            )
        return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        return self._children[index]
    def __setitem__(self, index, element):
        # if isinstance(index, slice):
        #     for elt in element:
        #         assert iselement(elt)
        # else:
        #     assert iselement(element)
        self._children[index] = element
    def __delitem__(self, index):
        del self._children[index]
    def append(self, subelement):
        为当前节点追加一个子节点
        """Add *subelement* to the end of this element.
        The new element will appear in document order after the last existing
        subelement (or directly after the text, if it‘s the first subelement),
        but before the end tag for this element.
        """
        self._assert_is_element(subelement)
        self._children.append(subelement)
    def extend(self, elements):
        为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点
        """Append subelements from a sequence.
        *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements.
        """
        for element in elements:
            self._assert_is_element(element)
        self._children.extend(elements)
    def insert(self, index, subelement):
        在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点，即：为当前节点创建子节点，然后插入指定位置
        """Insert *subelement* at position *index*."""
        self._assert_is_element(subelement)
        self._children.insert(index, subelement)
    def _assert_is_element(self, e):
        # Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the
        # shadowing C implementation.
        if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py):
            raise TypeError(‘expected an Element, not %s‘ % type(e).__name__)
    def remove(self, subelement):
        在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点
        """Remove matching subelement.
        Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on
        identity, NOT ON tag value or contents.  To remove subelements by
        other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to
        select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update
        the parent element.
        ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found.
        """
        # assert iselement(element)
        self._children.remove(subelement)
    def getchildren(self):
        获取所有的子节点（废弃）
        """(Deprecated) Return all subelements.
        Elements are returned in document order.
        """
        warnings.warn(
            "This method will be removed in future versions.  "
            "Use ‘list(elem)‘ or iteration over elem instead.",
            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
            )
        return self._children
    def find(self, path, namespaces=None):
        获取第一个寻找到的子节点
        """Find first matching element by tag name or path.
        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
        Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found.
        """
        return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces)
    def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None):
        获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容
        """Find text for first matching element by tag name or path.
        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *default* is the value to return if the element was not found,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
        Return text content of first matching element, or default value if
        none was found.  Note that if an element is found having no text
        content, the empty string is returned.
        """
        return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces)
    def findall(self, path, namespaces=None):
        获取所有的子节点
        """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.
        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
        Returns list containing all matching elements in document order.
        """
        return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces)
    def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None):
        获取所有指定的节点，并创建一个迭代器（可以被for循环）
        """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path.
        *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath,
        *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name.
        Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order.
        """
        return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces)
    def clear(self):
        清空节点
        """Reset element.
        This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets
        the text and tail attributes to None.
        """
        self.attrib.clear()
        self._children = []
        self.text = self.tail = None
    def get(self, key, default=None):
        获取当前节点的属性值
        """Get element attribute.
        Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a
        bit more efficiently.  *key* is what attribute to look for, and
        *default* is what to return if the attribute was not found.
        Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if
        attribute was not found.
        """
        return self.attrib.get(key, default)
    def set(self, key, value):
        为当前节点设置属性值
        """Set element attribute.
        Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle
        this a bit more efficiently.  *key* is what attribute to set, and
        *value* is the attribute value to set it to.
        """
        self.attrib[key] = value
    def keys(self):
        获取当前节点的所有属性的 key
        """Get list of attribute names.
        Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary
        Python dict.  Equivalent to attrib.keys()
        """
        return self.attrib.keys()
    def items(self):
        获取当前节点的所有属性值，每个属性都是一个键值对
        """Get element attributes as a sequence.
        The attributes are returned in arbitrary order.  Equivalent to
        attrib.items().
        Return a list of (name, value) tuples.
        """
        return self.attrib.items()
    def iter(self, tag=None):
        在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
        """Create tree iterator.
        The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
        order, returning all elements with a matching tag.
        If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed
        elements may or may not be included.  To get a stable set, use the
        list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list.
        *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements)
        Return an iterator containing all the matching elements.
        """
        if tag == "*":
            tag = None
        if tag is None or self.tag == tag:
            yield self
        for e in self._children:
            yield from e.iter(tag)
    # compatibility
    def getiterator(self, tag=None):
        # Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4
        warnings.warn(
            "This method will be removed in future versions.  "
            "Use ‘elem.iter()‘ or ‘list(elem.iter())‘ instead.",
            PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
        )
        return list(self.iter(tag))
    def itertext(self):
        在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。
        """Create text iterator.
        The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document
        order, returning all inner text.
        """
        tag = self.tag
        if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None:
            return
        if self.text:
            yield self.text
        for e in self:
            yield from e.itertext()
            if e.tail:
                yield e.tail

<data>
    <country name="Liechtenstein">
        <rank updated="yes">2</rank>
        <year>2023</year>
        <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
    </country>
    <country name="Singapore">
        <rank updated="yes">5</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" />
    </country>
    <country name="Panama">
        <rank updated="yes">69</rank>
        <year>2026</year>
        <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
        <neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
        <neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
    </country>
</data>

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
############ 解析方式一 ############
# 打开文件，读取XML内容
str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read()
# 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点
root = ET.XML(str_xml)
############ 操作 ############
# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)
# 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter(‘year‘):
    # 将year节点中的内容自增一
    new_year = int(node.text) + 1
    node.text = str(new_year)
    # 设置属性
    node.set(‘name‘, ‘alex‘)
    node.set(‘age‘, ‘18‘)
    # 删除属性
    del node.attrib[‘name‘]
############ 保存文件 ############
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("new_xml.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
############ 解析方式二 ############
# 直接解析xml文件
tree = ET.parse("xo.xml")
# 获取xml文件的根节点
root = tree.getroot()
############ 操作 ############
# 顶层标签
print(root.tag)
# 循环所有的year节点
for node in root.iter(‘year‘):
    # 将year节点中的内容自增一
    new_year = int(node.text) + 1
    node.text = str(new_year)
    # 设置属性
    node.set(‘name‘, ‘alex‘)
    node.set(‘age‘, ‘18‘)
    # 删除属性
    del node.attrib[‘name‘]
############ 保存文件 ############
tree.write("new_xml.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")
# 创建节点大儿子
son1 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘})
# 创建小儿子
son2 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘})
# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
grandson1 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘})
grandson2 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)
# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write(‘oooo.xml‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘, short_empty_elements=False)

由于原生保存的XML时默认无缩进，如果想要设置缩进的话， 需要修改保存方式：

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
from xml.dom import minidom
def prettify(elem):
    """将节点转换成字符串，并添加缩进。
    """
    rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, ‘utf-8‘)
    reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string)
    return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="\t")
# 创建根节点
root = ET.Element("famliy")
# 创建大儿子
# son1 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘})
son1 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘})
# 创建小儿子
# son2 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘})
son2 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘})
# 在大儿子中创建两个孙子
# grandson1 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘})
grandson1 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘})
# grandson2 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘})
grandson2 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘})
son1.append(grandson1)
son1.append(grandson2)
# 把儿子添加到根节点中
root.append(son1)
root.append(son1)
raw_str = prettify(root)
f = open("xxxoo.xml",‘w‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘)
f.write(raw_str)
f.close()

import shutil
shutil.copyfileobj(open(‘old.xml‘,‘r‘), open(‘new.xml‘, ‘w‘))

shutil.copyfile(‘f1.log‘, ‘f2.log‘)

shutil.copymode(‘f1.log‘, ‘f2.log‘)

shutil.copystat(‘f1.log‘, ‘f2.log‘)

import shutil
shutil.copy(‘f1.log‘, ‘f2.log‘)

import shutil
shutil.copy2(‘f1.log‘, ‘f2.log‘)

import shutil
 
shutil.copytree(‘folder1‘, ‘folder2‘, ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns(‘*.pyc‘, ‘tmp*‘))

import shutil
shutil.rmtree(‘folder1‘)

import shutil
shutil.move(‘folder1‘, ‘folder3‘)

• base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
  
• 如：www                        =>保存至当前路径
  
• 如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/
  
• format：    压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
  
• root_dir：    要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
  
• owner：    用户，默认当前用户
  
• group：    组，默认当前组
  
• logger：    用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
  

#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", ‘gztar‘, root_dir=‘/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test‘)
  
  
#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录
import shutil
ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", ‘gztar‘, root_dir=‘/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test‘)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import zipfile
# 压缩文件
z = zipfile.ZipFile(‘test_zip.zip‘, ‘w‘)
z.write(‘conf‘)
z.write(‘config.py‘)
z.close()
# 解压文件
z = zipfile.ZipFile(‘test_zip.zip‘, ‘r‘)
# z.extractall()    # 解压全部文件
for item in z.namelist():
    print(item)
z.extract(‘conf‘)   # 解压单个文件
z.close()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import tarfile
# 压缩
tar = tarfile.open(‘test_tar.tar‘,‘w‘)
tar.add("E:\\Python\\oldboy_py\\Day7\\xml_1.py", arcname=‘xml_test1.py‘)
tar.add("E:\\Python\\oldboy_py\\Day7\\xml_2.py", arcname=‘xml_test2.py‘)
tar.close()
# 解压
tar = tarfile.open(‘test_tar.tar‘,‘r‘)
tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址,全部解压
for item in tar.getmembers():
    print(item)
obj = tar.getmember(‘xml_test1.py‘)
tar.extract(obj)
tar.close()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import subprocess
# call
# 执行命令，返回状态码
ret = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"], shell=False)
ret = subprocess.call("ls -l", shell=True)
# check_call
# 执行命令，如果执行状态码是 0 ，则返回0，否则抛异常
subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])
subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True)
# check_output
# 执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常
subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"])
subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True)

• args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
  
• bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
  
• stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
  
• preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
  
• close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。
  
• shell：同上
  
• cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
  
• env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
  
• universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
  
• startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
  
• 将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等 

• 输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
  
• 输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python
  

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n")
obj.stdin.write("print(2)")
obj.stdin.close()
cmd_out = obj.stdout.read()
obj.stdout.close()
cmd_error = obj.stderr.read()
obj.stderr.close()
print(cmd_out)
print(cmd_error)
# 第二种方法
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n")
obj.stdin.write("print(2)")
out_error_list = obj.communicate()
print(out_error_list)
# 第三种方法
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
out_error_list = obj.communicate(‘print("hello")‘)
print(out_error_list)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
# 面向对象
class SQLHelper:
    def fetch(self,sql):
        print(self.hhost)
        print(self.uuser)
        print(self.ppwd)
        print(sql)
    def create(self,sql):
        print(sql)
    def remove(self,id):
        print(id)
    def modify(self,name):
        print(name)
obj = SQLHelper()
obj.hhost = "www.test.com"  # 封装参数
obj.uuser = "sandler"
obj.ppwd = "1234"
obj.fetch(‘select * from a;‘)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
# 面向对象
class SQLHelper:
    def __init__(self,host,user,pwd):
        self.hhost = host  # 封装参数
        self.uuser = user
        self.ppwd = pwd
    def fetch(self,sql):
        print(self.hhost)
        print(self.uuser)
        print(self.ppwd)
        print(sql)
    def create(self,sql):
        print(sql)
    def remove(self,id):
        print(id)
    def modify(self,name):
        print(name)
obj1 = SQLHelper("www.test.com","sandler",1234)
obj2 = SQLHelper("www.test2.com","sandler",2345)
obj1.fetch(‘select * from a;‘)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
class c1:
    def __init__(self,name,obj):
        self.name = name
        self.obj = obj
class c2:
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    def show(self):
        print(self.name)
c2_obj = c2(‘aa‘ , 11)
c1_obj = c1(‘alex‘,c2_obj)
print(c1_obj.obj.age)
print(c1_obj.obj.name)
print(c1_obj.name)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
# 面向对象
class c1:
    def __init__(self,name,obj):
        self.name = name
        self.obj = obj
class c2:
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    def show(self):
        print(self.name)
class c3:
    def __init__(self,a1):
        self.money = 123
        self.aaa = a1
c2_obj = c2(‘aa‘ , 11)
# c2_obj是c2类型
# - name = ‘aa‘
# - age = 11
c1_obj = c1(‘alex‘,c2_obj)
# c1_obj是c1类型
# - name = ‘alex‘
# - obj = c2_obj
c3_obj = c3(c1_obj)
# c3_obj是c3类型
# - money = 123
# - aaa = c1_obj
# 通过c3_obj输出c2内的name
print(c3_obj.aaa.obj.name)
# 通过c3_obj输出c2内的show方法
print(c3_obj.aaa.obj.show())

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -.- coding: utf-8 -.-
# By sandler
# 类的继承
class F1:
    def show(self):
        print(‘show‘)
    def foo(self):
        print(self.name)
class F2(F1):
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name
    def bar(self):
        print(‘bar‘)
obj = F2(‘yuli‘)
obj.foo()