比较两个字符串是否相等的办法是:
if [ "$test"x = "test"x ]; then
这里的关键有几点:
1 使用单个等号
2 注意到等号两边各有一个空格:这是unix shell的要求
3 注意到"$test"x最后的x,这是特意安排的,因为当$test为空的时候,上面的表达式就变成了x = testx,显然是不相等的。而如果没有这个x,表达式就会报错:[: =: unary operator expected
二元比较操作符,比较变量或者比较数字.注意数字与字符串的区别.
整数比较 需要注意的是 要么使用[]和gt组合 要么使用大于号和双括号组合
-eq 等于,如:if [ "$a" -eq "$b" ]
-ne 不等于,如:if [ "$a" -ne "$b" ]
-gt 大于,如:if [ "$a" -gt "$b" ]
-ge 大于等于,如:if [ "$a" -ge "$b" ]
-lt 小于,如:if [ "$a" -lt "$b" ]
-le 小于等于,如:if [ "$a" -le "$b" ]
大于(需要双括号),如:(("$a" > "$b"))
>= 大于等于(需要双括号),如:(("$a" >= "$b"))
小数据比较可使用AWK
字符串比较
= 等于,如:if [ "$a" = "$b" ]
== 等于,如:if [ "$a" == "$b" ],与=等价
注意:==的功能在[[]]和[]中的行为是不同的,如下:
1 [[ $a == z* ]] # 如果$a以"z"开头(模式匹配)那么将为true
2 [[ $a == "z*" ]] # 如果$a等于z*(字符匹配),那么结果为true
3
4 [ $a == z* ] # File globbing 和word splitting将会发生
5 [ "$a" == "z*" ] # 如果$a等于z*(字符匹配),那么结果为true
一点解释,关于File globbing是一种关于文件的速记法,比如"*.c"就是,再如~也是.
但是file globbing并不是严格的正则表达式,虽然绝大多数情况下结构比较像.
!= 不等于,如:if [ "$a" != "$b" ]
这个操作符将在[[]]结构中使用模式匹配.
大于,在ASCII字母顺序下.如:
if [[ "$a" > "$b" ]]
if [ "$a" \> "$b" ]
注意:在[]结构中">"需要被转义.
具体参考Example 26-11来查看这个操作符应用的例子.
-z 字符串为"null".就是长度为0.
-n 字符串不为"null"
注意:
使用-n在[]结构中测试必须要用""把变量引起来.使用一个未被""的字符串来使用! -z
或者就是未用""引用的字符串本身,放到[]结构中。虽然一般情况下可
以工作,但这是不安全的.习惯于使用""来测试字符串是一种好习惯.
if判断式
if [ 条件判断一 ] && (||) [ 条件判断二 ]; then
elif [ 条件判断三 ] && (||) [ 条件判断四 ]; then
else
执行第三段內容程式
fi
例如:
root@Bizbox:~# a=0
root@Bizbox:~# b=0
root@Bizbox:~# c=5
root@Bizbox:~# if [ $a = 0 -a $b = 0 ]&&[ $c != 0 ]; then
> echo success
> fi
success
if 使用的表达式
if
语句格式
if 条件
then
Command
else
Command
fi 别忘了这个结尾
If语句忘了结尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi
if
的三种条件表达式
if
command
then
if
函数
then
命令执行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
执行失败,返回非0 (grep,没找到匹配)
if [ expression_r_r_r ]
then
表达式结果为真,则返回0,if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r
then
表达式结果为假,则返回非0,if把非0值引向then
[
] && ——快捷if
[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
&& 可以理解为then
如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句
shell的if与c语言if的功能上的区别
shell if
c语言if
0为真,走then
正好相反,非0走then
不支持整数变量直接if
必须:if [ i –ne 0 ]
但支持字符串变量直接if
if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
支持变量直接if
if (i )
echo –n “input:”
read user
if
多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”(与)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null
who -u | grep $user
then 上边的指令都执行成功,返回值$?为0,0为真,运行then
echo "$user has logged"
else 指令执行失败,$?为1,运行else
echo "$user has not logged"
fi
# sh test.sh
input : macg
macg pts/0 May 15 15:55 . 2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged
# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged |
以函数作为if条件 (函数就相当于command,函数的优点是其return值可以自定义)
if
以函数作为if条件,
getyn
then 函数reture值0为真,走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else 函数return值非0为假,走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi
if
command 等价于 command+if $?
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh
if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi
$ sh testsh.sh
no found
$ sh testsh.sh
1
no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file
$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file
$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found
条件表达式
]
如果文件存在且可写
if [ -x file ]
如果文件存在且可执行
[
$a = $b ] 如果string1等于string2
[
$string1 != $string2
] 如果string1不等于string2
if [ -n $string ] 如果string
非空(非0),返回0(true)
if [
-z $string ] 如果string
为空
if [ $sting ] 如果string
非空,返回0 (和-n类似)
if [ a = b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal (等于表达式没比较$a和$b,而是比较和a和b,自然a!=b) |
if [ $a = $b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal |
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
期望整数形式,即-eq不支持字符串
=放在别的地方是赋值,放在if
[ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面没有==的,那是c语言的等于
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123 |
=
作为等于时,其两边都必须加空格,否则失效
等号也是操作符,必须和其他变量,关键字,用空格格开 (等号做赋值号时正好相反,两边不能有空格)
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var="yes" ]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var = "yes" ] 在等号两边加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
n
input is correct
输错了也走then,都走then,为什么?
因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量,而此变量为空,返回1,则走else
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
no
input error
一切正常
If [ $ANS ] 等价于 if
[ -n $ANS ]
如果字符串变量非空(then)
, 空(else)
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS
if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice: 回车
empth 说明“回车”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty
整数条件表达式,大于,小于hell里没有>
和< ,会被当作尖括号,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
if [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit
if test $a ge 100 ; then
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
if test $a -ge 100 ; then
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit |
逻辑非 ! 条件表达式的相反
if [ ! 表达式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ] 如果不存在目录$num
逻辑与 –a条件表达式的并列
if [ 表达式1 –a 表达式2
]
–o
表达式2 ]
逻辑表达式
- 表达式与前面的= != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式,没有任何括号( ),就是并列
注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了
[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num"
if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ] 如果变量$JHHOME为空,且$HOME/$num目录存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num 则赋值
fi
echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME" |
-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is
目录-d $HOME/$num 不存在,所以$JHHOME没被then赋值 |
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp |
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS
if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then)
因为=被连读了,成了变量$ANS="Yes",而变量又为空,所以走else了 |
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input your choice:"
read ANS echo "input your choice:"
read ANS
if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
n
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
test
条件表达式 作为if条件===================================
if
test $num -eq 0 等价于 if [ $num –eq 0 ]
test 表达式,没有
[ ]
if test $num -eq 0
man test
[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1) User Commands [(1)
SYNOPSIS
test EXPRESSION
[ EXPRESSION ]
[-n] STRING
the length of STRING is nonzero -n和直接$str都是非0条件
-z STRING
the length of STRING is zero
STRING1 = STRING2
the strings are equal
STRING1 != STRING2
the strings are not equal
INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2
INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2
FILE1 -nt FILE2
FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2
FILE1 -ot FILE2
FILE1 is older than FILE2
-b FILE
FILE exists and is block special
-c FILE
FILE exists and is character special
-d FILE
FILE exists and is a directory
-e FILE
FILE exists 文件存在
-f FILE
FILE exists and is a regular file 文件存在且是普通文件
-h FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)
-L FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)
-G FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID
-O FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID
-p FILE
FILE exists and is a named pipe
-s FILE
FILE exists and has a size greater than zero
-S FILE
FILE exists and is a socket
-w FILE
FILE exists and is writable
-x FILE
FILE exists and is executable
&& 如果是“前面”,则“后面”
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid 检查 文件是否存在,如果存在就删掉
|| 如果不是“前面”,则后面
[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0 检验文件是否存在,如果存在就退出 |
[ -z "$1" ] && help 如果第一个参数不存在(-z 字符串长度为0
)
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help 如果第一个参数是-h,就显示help
例子
#!/bin/sh
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1