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本节内容
列表是我们最以后最常用的数据类型之一，通过列表可以对数据实现最方便的存储、修改等操作
定义列表
names = [‘Alex‘,"Tenglan",‘Eric‘]
通过下标访问列表中的元素，下标从0开始计数
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>>> names[0]‘Alex‘>>> names[2]‘Eric‘>>> names[-1]‘Eric‘>>> names[-2] #还可以倒着取‘Tenglan‘ |
切片:取多个元素
1 >>> names = ["Alex","Tenglan","Eric","Rain","Tom","Amy"] 2 >>> names[1:4] #取下标1至下标4之间的数字，包括1，不包括4 3 [‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘] 4 >>> names[1:-1] #取下标1至-1的值，不包括-1 5 [‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘] 6 >>> names[0:3] 7 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘] 8 >>> names[:3] #如果是从头开始取，0可以忽略，跟上句效果一样 9 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘] 10 >>> names[3:] #如果想取最后一个，必须不能写-1，只能这么写 11 [‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘] 12 >>> names[3:-1] #这样-1就不会被包含了 13 [‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘] 14 >>> names[0::2] #后面的2是代表，每隔一个元素，就取一个 15 [‘Alex‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Tom‘] 16 >>> names[::2] #和上句效果一样 17 [‘Alex‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Tom‘]
追加
1 >>> names 2 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘] 3 >>> names.append("我是新来的") 4 >>> names 5 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
插入
1 >>> names 2 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘] 3 >>> names.insert(2,"强行从Eric前面插入") 4 >>> names 5 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘强行从Eric前面插入‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘] 6 7 >>> names.insert(5,"从eric后面插入试试新姿势") 8 >>> names 9 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘强行从Eric前面插入‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
修改
1 >>> names 2 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘强行从Eric前面插入‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘] 3 >>> names[2] = "该换人了" 4 >>> names 5 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘该换人了‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘]
删除
1 >>> del names[2] 2 >>> names 3 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘从eric后面插入试试新姿势‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘] 4 >>> del names[4] 5 >>> names 6 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Eric‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘] 7 >>> 8 >>> names.remove("Eric") #删除指定元素 9 >>> names 10 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘我是新来的‘] 11 >>> names.pop() #删除列表最后一个值 12 ‘我是新来的‘ 13 >>> names 14 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘]
扩展
1 >>> names 2 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘] 3 >>> b = [1,2,3] 4 >>> names.extend(b) 5 >>> names 6 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]
拷贝
1 >>> names 2 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3] 3 4 >>> name_copy = names.copy() 5 >>> name_copy 6 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Rain‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3]
copy真的这么简单么？那我还讲个屁。。。
统计
1 >>> names 2 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3] 3 >>> names.count("Amy") 4 2
排序&翻转
1 >>> names 2 [‘Alex‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘Amy‘, 1, 2, 3] 3 >>> names.sort() #排序 4 Traceback (most recent call last): 5 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> 6 TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str() #3.0里不同数据类型不能放在一起排序了，擦 7 >>> names[-3] = ‘1‘ 8 >>> names[-2] = ‘2‘ 9 >>> names[-1] = ‘3‘ 10 >>> names 11 [‘Alex‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Tom‘, ‘1‘, ‘2‘, ‘3‘] 12 >>> names.sort() 13 >>> names 14 [‘1‘, ‘2‘, ‘3‘, ‘Alex‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Tom‘] 15 16 >>> names.reverse() #反转 17 >>> names 18 [‘Tom‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Alex‘, ‘3‘, ‘2‘, ‘1‘]
获取下标
1 >>> names 2 [‘Tom‘, ‘Tenglan‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Amy‘, ‘Alex‘, ‘3‘, ‘2‘, ‘1‘] 3 >>> names.index("Amy") 4 2 #只返回找到的第一个下标
元组其实跟列表差不多，也是存一组数，只不是它一旦创建，便不能再修改，所以又叫只读列表
语法
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names = ("alex","jack","eric") |
它只有2个方法，一个是count,一个是index，完毕。
请闭眼写出以下程序。
程序：购物车程序
需求:
1 >>> n3_arg 2 {‘name‘: ‘alex‘, ‘age‘: 33} 3 >>> n3 4 ‘my name is {name} and age is {age}‘ 5 >>> n3.format_map(n3_arg) 6 ‘my name is alex and age is 33‘ 7 8 9 >>> n4.ljust(40,"-") 10 ‘Hello 2orld-----------------------------‘ 11 >>> n4.rjust(40,"-") 12 ‘-----------------------------Hello 2orld‘ 13 14 15 >>> s = "Hello World!" 16 >>> p = str.maketrans("abcdefg","3!@#$%^") 17 >>> s.translate(p) 18 ‘H$llo Worl#! 19 20 21 >>> b="ddefdsdff_哈哈" 22 >>> b.isidentifier() #检测一段字符串可否被当作标志符，即是否符合变量命名规则 23 True 24 25 一些蛋疼的语法
字典一种key - value 的数据类型，使用就像我们上学用的字典，通过笔划、字母来查对应页的详细内容。
语法:
info = {
‘stu1101‘: "TengLan Wu",
‘stu1102‘: "LongZe Luola",
‘stu1103‘: "XiaoZe Maliya",
}
字典的特性：
增加
1 >>> info["stu1104"] = "苍井空" 2 >>> info 3 {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1104‘: ‘苍井空‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1101‘: ‘TengLan Wu‘}
修改
1 >>> info[‘stu1101‘] = "武藤兰" 2 >>> info 3 {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1101‘: ‘武藤兰‘}
删除
1 >>> info 2 {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1101‘: ‘武藤兰‘} 3 >>> info.pop("stu1101") #标准删除姿势 4 ‘武藤兰‘ 5 >>> info 6 {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘} 7 >>> del info[‘stu1103‘] #换个姿势删除 8 >>> info 9 {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘} 10 >>> 11 >>> 12 >>> 13 >>> info = {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘} 14 >>> info 15 {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘} #随机删除 16 >>> info.popitem() 17 (‘stu1102‘, ‘LongZe Luola‘) 18 >>> info 19 {‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘}
查找
1 >>> info = {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘} 2 >>> 3 >>> "stu1102" in info #标准用法 4 True 5 >>> info.get("stu1102") #获取 6 ‘LongZe Luola‘ 7 >>> info["stu1102"] #同上，但是看下面 8 ‘LongZe Luola‘ 9 >>> info["stu1105"] #如果一个key不存在，就报错，get不会，不存在只返回None 10 Traceback (most recent call last): 11 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> 12 KeyError: ‘stu1105‘
多级字典嵌套及操作
1 av_catalog = { 2 "欧美":{ 3 "www.youporn.com": ["很多免费的,世界最大的","质量一般"], 4 "www.pornhub.com": ["很多免费的,也很大","质量比yourporn高点"], 5 "letmedothistoyou.com": ["多是自拍,高质量图片很多","资源不多,更新慢"], 6 "x-art.com":["质量很高,真的很高","全部收费,屌比请绕过"] 7 }, 8 "日韩":{ 9 "tokyo-hot":["质量怎样不清楚,个人已经不喜欢日韩范了","听说是收费的"] 10 }, 11 "大陆":{ 12 "1024":["全部免费,真好,好人一生平安","服务器在国外,慢"] 13 } 14 } 15 16 av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"][1] += ",可以用爬虫爬下来" 17 print(av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"]) 18 #ouput 19 [‘全部免费,真好,好人一生平安‘, ‘服务器在国外,慢,可以用爬虫爬下来‘]
其它姿势
1 #values 2 >>> info.values() 3 dict_values([‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘]) 4 5 #keys 6 >>> info.keys() 7 dict_keys([‘stu1102‘, ‘stu1103‘]) 8 9 10 #setdefault 11 >>> info.setdefault("stu1106","Alex") 12 ‘Alex‘ 13 >>> info 14 {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1106‘: ‘Alex‘} 15 >>> info.setdefault("stu1102","龙泽萝拉") 16 ‘LongZe Luola‘ 17 >>> info 18 {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1106‘: ‘Alex‘} 19 20 21 #update 22 >>> info 23 {‘stu1102‘: ‘LongZe Luola‘, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1106‘: ‘Alex‘} 24 >>> b = {1:2,3:4, "stu1102":"龙泽萝拉"} 25 >>> info.update(b) 26 >>> info 27 {‘stu1102‘: ‘龙泽萝拉‘, 1: 2, 3: 4, ‘stu1103‘: ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘, ‘stu1106‘: ‘Alex‘} 28 29 #items 30 info.items() 31 dict_items([(‘stu1102‘, ‘龙泽萝拉‘), (1, 2), (3, 4), (‘stu1103‘, ‘XiaoZe Maliya‘), (‘stu1106‘, ‘Alex‘)]) 32 33 34 #通过一个列表生成默认dict,有个没办法解释的坑，少用吧这个 35 >>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],‘testd‘) 36 {1: ‘testd‘, 2: ‘testd‘, 3: ‘testd‘}
循环dict
#方法1
for key in info:
print(key,info[key])
#方法2
for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据里大时莫用
print(k,v)
程序练习
程序: 三级菜单
要求:
集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，它的主要作用如下：
常用操作
1 s = set([3,5,9,10]) #创建一个数值集合 2 3 t = set("Hello") #创建一个唯一字符的集合 4 5 6 a = t | s # t 和 s的并集 7 8 b = t & s # t 和 s的交集 9 10 c = t – s # 求差集（项在t中，但不在s中） 11 12 d = t ^ s # 对称差集（项在t或s中，但不会同时出现在二者中） 13 14 15 16 基本操作： 17 18 t.add(‘x‘) # 添加一项 19 20 s.update([10,37,42]) # 在s中添加多项 21 22 23 24 使用remove()可以删除一项： 25 26 t.remove(‘H‘) 27 28 29 len(s) 30 set 的长度 31 32 x in s 33 测试 x 是否是 s 的成员 34 35 x not in s 36 测试 x 是否不是 s 的成员 37 38 s.issubset(t) 39 s <= t 40 测试是否 s 中的每一个元素都在 t 中 41 42 s.issuperset(t) 43 s >= t 44 测试是否 t 中的每一个元素都在 s 中 45 46 s.union(t) 47 s | t 48 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的每一个元素 49 50 s.intersection(t) 51 s & t 52 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的公共元素 53 54 s.difference(t) 55 s - t 56 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 中有但是 t 中没有的元素 57 58 s.symmetric_difference(t) 59 s ^ t 60 返回一个新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中不重复的元素 61 62 s.copy() 63 返回 set “s”的一个浅复制
对文件操作流程
现有文件如下
基本操作
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f = open(‘lyrics‘) #打开文件first_line = f.readline()print(‘first line:‘,first_line) #读一行print(‘我是分隔线‘.center(50,‘-‘))data = f.read()# 读取剩下的所有内容,文件大时不要用print(data) #打印文件f.close() #关闭文件 |
打开文件的模式有：
"+" 表示可以同时读写某个文件
"U"表示在读取时，可以将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n （与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用）
"b"表示处理二进制文件（如：FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件，linux可忽略，windows处理二进制文件时需标注）
其它语法
def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
Close the file.
A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations. close() may be
called more than once without error.
"""
pass
def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer). """
pass
def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" True if the file is connected to a TTY device. """
pass
def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
"""
注意，不一定能全读回来
Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
"""
return ""
def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" True if file was opened in a read mode. """
pass
def readall(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
or None if no data is available. Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
"""
pass
def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). """
pass #不要用,没人知道它是干嘛用的
def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Move to new file position and return the file position.
Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to
SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
Note that not all file objects are seekable.
"""
pass
def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" True if file supports random-access. """
pass
def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Current file position.
Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
"""
pass
def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
The current file position is changed to the value of size.
"""
pass
def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" True if file was opened in a write mode. """
pass
def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Write bytes b to file, return number written.
Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
The number of bytes actually written is returned. In non-blocking mode,
returns None if the write would block.
"""
pass
with语句
为了避免打开文件后忘记关闭，可以通过管理上下文，即：
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with open(‘log‘,‘r‘) as f: ... |
如此方式，当with代码块执行完毕时，内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。
在Python 2.7 后，with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理，即：
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with open(‘log1‘) as obj1, open(‘log2‘) as obj2: pass
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1 #-*-coding:utf-8-*- 2 __author__ = ‘Alex Li‘ 3 4 import sys 5 print(sys.getdefaultencoding()) 6 7 8 msg = "我爱北京天安门" 9 msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312") 10 gb2312_to_gbk = msg_gb2312.decode("gbk").encode("gbk") 11 12 print(msg) 13 print(msg_gb2312) 14 print(gb2312_to_gbk) 15 16 in python2
1 #-*-coding:gb2312 -*- #这个也可以去掉 2 __author__ = ‘Alex Li‘ 3 4 import sys 5 print(sys.getdefaultencoding()) 6 7 8 msg = "我爱北京天安门" 9 #msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312") 10 msg_gb2312 = msg.encode("gb2312") #默认就是unicode,不用再decode,喜大普奔 11 gb2312_to_unicode = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312") 12 gb2312_to_utf8 = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312").encode("utf-8") 13 14 print(msg) 15 print(msg_gb2312) 16 print(gb2312_to_unicode) 17 print(gb2312_to_utf8) 18 19 in python3
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原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/litiefeng/p/5738909.html
