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本篇对于Python操作MySQL主要使用两种方式:
pymsql是Python中操作MySQL的模块,其使用方法和MySQLdb几乎相同。
pip3 install pymysql
使用操作:
1,执行sql
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pymysql # 创建连接 conn = pymysql.connect(host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, passwd=‘123‘, db=‘t1‘) # 创建游标 cursor = conn.cursor() # 执行SQL,并返回收影响行数 effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = ‘1.1.1.2‘") # 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数 #effect_row = cursor.execute("update hosts set host = ‘1.1.1.2‘ where nid > %s", (1,)) # 执行SQL,并返回受影响行数 #effect_row = cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)]) # 提交,不然无法保存新建或者修改的数据 conn.commit() # 关闭游标 cursor.close() # 关闭连接 conn.close()
2 获取新创建自增id
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, passwd=‘123‘, db=‘t1‘) cursor = conn.cursor() cursor.executemany("insert into hosts(host,color_id)values(%s,%s)", [("1.1.1.11",1),("1.1.1.11",2)]) conn.commit() cursor.close() conn.close() # 获取最新自增ID new_id = cursor.lastrowid
3,获取查询数据
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, passwd=‘123‘, db=‘t1‘) cursor = conn.cursor() cursor.execute("select * from hosts") # 获取第一行数据 row_1 = cursor.fetchone() # 获取前n行数据 # row_2 = cursor.fetchmany(3) # 获取所有数据 # row_3 = cursor.fetchall() conn.commit() cursor.close() conn.close()
注:在fetch数据时按照顺序进行,可以使用cursor.scroll(num,mode)来移动游标位置,如:
4、fetch数据类型
关于默认获取的数据是元祖类型,如果想要或者字典类型的数据,即:
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect(host=‘127.0.0.1‘, port=3306, user=‘root‘, passwd=‘123‘, db=‘t1‘) # 游标设置为字典类型 cursor = conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) r = cursor.execute("call p1()") result = cursor.fetchone() conn.commit() cursor.close() conn.close()
SQLAlchemy是Python编程语言下的一款ORM框架,该框架建立在数据库API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,简言之便是:将对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。
安装:
pip3 install SQLAlchemy
二、ORM功能使用
使用 ORM/Schema Type/SQL Expression Language/Engine/ConnectionPooling/Dialect 所有组件对数据进行操作。根据类创建对象,对象转换成SQL,执行SQL。
1,创建表
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) Base = declarative_base() # 创建单表 class Users(Base): __tablename__ = ‘users‘ id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32)) extra = Column(String(16)) __table_args__ = ( UniqueConstraint(‘id‘, ‘name‘, name=‘uix_id_name‘), Index(‘ix_id_name‘, ‘name‘, ‘extra‘), ) # 一对多 class Favor(Base): __tablename__ = ‘favor‘ nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) caption = Column(String(50), default=‘red‘, unique=True) class Person(Base): __tablename__ = ‘person‘ nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True) favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid")) # 多对多 class Group(Base): __tablename__ = ‘group‘ id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) port = Column(Integer, default=22) class Server(Base): __tablename__ = ‘server‘ id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) class ServerToGroup(Base): __tablename__ = ‘servertogroup‘ nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘server.id‘)) group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘group.id‘)) def init_db(): Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db(): Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
注:设置外检的另一种方式 ForeignKeyConstraint([‘other_id‘], [‘othertable.other_id‘])
#!/usr/bin/env/python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column,Integer,String,ForeignKey,UniqueConstraint,Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine(‘mysql+pymysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa‘) Base = declarative_base() class Son(Base): __tablename__ =‘son‘ id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32)) age = Column(String(16)) father_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey(‘father.id‘)) class Father(Base): __tablename__ = ‘father‘ id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32)) age = Column(String(16)) son = relationship(‘Son‘,backref=‘father‘) # Base.metadata.create_all(engine) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() # f1 = session .query(Father).filter_by(id=1).first() # w3 = Son(name=‘yiduiduo 333‘,age=11) # f1.son.append(w3) # s1 = session.query(Son).filter_by(di=2).first() # print(s1.father.name) # session.add_all([w3]) # session.commit() # ret = session.query(Father.name,Son.name).join().all() # print(ret) # f1 =Father(name = ‘alvin‘,age = 50) # # w1 = Son(name=‘yiduiduo 111‘,age=10) # w2 = Son(name=‘yiduiduo 222‘,age=11) # f1.son =[w1,w2] # # session.add_all([f1,w1,w2]) # session.commit()
#!/usr/bin/env/python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column,Integer,String,ForeignKey,UniqueConstraint,Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine(‘mysql+pymysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa?charset=utf8‘) #建立连接 Base = declarative_base() #创建ORM的基类 class Men_to_wemon(Base): #创建关系映射表 __tablename__ = ‘men_to_wemon‘ #定义数据表名 nid = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) #id 为整数类型 并且为主键 men_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey(‘men.id‘)) #定义men_id 为整数类型,绑定Men类id women_id = Column(Integer,ForeignKey(‘women.id‘)) #定义women_id 为整数类型,绑定women类id class Men(Base): #创建 男人表 __tablename__ =‘men‘ id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32)) age = Column(String(16)) # gf = relationship(‘Women‘, secondary=Men_to_wemon.__table__) class Women(Base): #创建女人表 __tablename__ =‘women‘ id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32)) age = Column(String(16)) bf = relationship(‘Men‘,secondary=Men_to_wemon.__table__,backref = ‘gf‘) #定义关系映射 Men对应Men_to_wemon Women也对应Men_to_wemon # 一句话概括了两句对应关系,不需要再men表里继续定义关系了 Base.metadata.create_all(engine) #通过激活sessionmaker 的__call__方法来return一个Session实例(Sesion类下提供了增删改查的具体方法) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() m1 =Men(name = ‘alex‘,age=12) m2 =Men(name = ‘wusir‘,age = 12) w1 = Women(name = ‘如哈‘,age = 20) w2 = Women(name = ‘安安‘,age = 20) session.add_all([m1,m2,w1,w2,]) #添加所有的数据 session.commit() t1 = Men_to_wemon(men_id =1,women_id=2) m1 = session.query(Men).filter_by(id =2).first() w1 = session.query(Women).all() m1.gf = w1 session.add_all([m1,]) session.commit()
2、操作表
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship from sqlalchemy import create_engine engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/t1", max_overflow=5) Base = declarative_base() # 创建单表 class Users(Base): __tablename__ = ‘users‘ id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32)) extra = Column(String(16)) __table_args__ = ( UniqueConstraint(‘id‘, ‘name‘, name=‘uix_id_name‘), Index(‘ix_id_name‘, ‘name‘, ‘extra‘), ) def __repr__(self): return "%s-%s" %(self.id, self.name) # 一对多 class Favor(Base): __tablename__ = ‘favor‘ nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) caption = Column(String(50), default=‘red‘, unique=True) def __repr__(self): return "%s-%s" %(self.nid, self.caption) class Person(Base): __tablename__ = ‘person‘ nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True) favor_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("favor.nid")) # 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便 favor = relationship("Favor", backref=‘pers‘) # 多对多 class ServerToGroup(Base): __tablename__ = ‘servertogroup‘ nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘server.id‘)) group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘group.id‘)) group = relationship("Group", backref=‘s2g‘) server = relationship("Server", backref=‘s2g‘) class Group(Base): __tablename__ = ‘group‘ id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) port = Column(Integer, default=22) # group = relationship(‘Group‘,secondary=ServerToGroup,backref=‘host_list‘) class Server(Base): __tablename__ = ‘server‘ id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True) hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False) def init_db(): Base.metadata.create_all(engine) def drop_db(): Base.metadata.drop_all(engine) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session()
obj = Users(name="alex0", extra=‘sb‘) session.add(obj) session.add_all([ Users(name="alex1", extra=‘sb‘), Users(name="alex2", extra=‘sb‘), ]) session.commit()
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"name" : "099"}) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False) session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).update({"num": Users.num + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate") session.commit()
ret = session.query(Users).all() ret = session.query(Users.name, Users.extra).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=‘alex‘).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=‘alex‘).first()
# 条件 ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name=‘alex‘).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == ‘eric‘).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == ‘eric‘).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name=‘eric‘))).all() from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == ‘eric‘)).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == ‘eric‘)).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter( or_( Users.id < 2, and_(Users.name == ‘eric‘, Users.id > 3), Users.extra != "" )).all() # 通配符 ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like(‘e%‘)).all() ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like(‘e%‘)).all() # 限制 ret = session.query(Users)[1:2] # 排序 ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all() ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all() # 分组 from sqlalchemy.sql import func ret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all() ret = session.query( func.max(Users.id), func.sum(Users.id), func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all() ret = session.query( func.max(Users.id), func.sum(Users.id), func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all() # 连表 ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all() ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all() # 组合 q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union(q2).all() q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2) q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2) ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
更多功能参见文档,猛击这里下载PDF
更多详情参考博文:http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5713330.html
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原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/guokaixin/p/5746811.html