标签：
模块
1.自定义模块
自定义模块就是在当前目录下创建__init__.py这个空文件，这样外面的程序才能识别此目录为模块包并导入
上图中libs目录下有__init__.py文件，index.py程序才能导入libs/backend.py中的方法：from libs/backend import XXX
2、导入模块
Python之所以应用越来越广泛，在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用，如果想要使用模块，则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法：
|
1
2
3
4
|
import modulefrom module.xx.xx import xxfrom module.xx.xx import xx as rename from module.xx.xx import * |
导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件
那么问题来了，导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢？即：sys.path
|
1
2
3
4
5
|
import sysprint sys.path结果：[‘/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator/p1/pp1‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/setuptools-15.2-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/MySQL_python-1.2.4b4-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlutils-1.7.1-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlwt-1.0.0-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlrd-0.9.3-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/tornado-4.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/backports.ssl_match_hostname-3.4.0.2-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/certifi-2015.4.28-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyOpenSSL-0.15.1-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/six-1.9.0-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cryptography-0.9.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cffi-1.1.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipaddress-1.0.7-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/enum34-1.0.4-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyasn1-0.1.7-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/idna-2.0-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pycparser-2.13-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Django-1.7.8-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paramiko-1.10.1-py2.7.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/gevent-1.0.2-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/greenlet-0.4.7-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg‘, ‘/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python27.zip‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-darwin‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-tk‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-old‘, ‘/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload‘, ‘/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages‘, ‘/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages‘] |
如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径，可以通过 sys.path.append(‘路径‘) 添加。
通过os模块可以获取各种目录，例如：
|
1
2
3
4
5
|
import sysimport ospre_path = os.path.abspath(‘../‘)sys.path.append(pre_path) |
3.开源模块
下载安装有两种方式：
方式一 方式二注：在使用源码安装时，需要使用到gcc编译和python开发环境，所以，需要先执行：
|
1
2
3
4
|
yum install gccyum install python-devel或apt-get python-dev |
安装成功后，模块会自动安装到 sys.path 中的某个目录中，如：
|
1
|
/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ |
4.导入模块
同自定义模块中导入的方式
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
|
#_*_coding:utf-8_*_import timeimport datetimeprint(time.clock()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃print(time.process_time()) #返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃print(time.time()) #返回当前系统时间戳print(time.ctime()) #输出Tue Jan 26 18:23:48 2016 ,当前系统时间print(time.ctime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转为字符串格式print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式print(time.localtime(time.time()-86640)) #将时间戳转换成struct_time格式,但返回 的本地时间print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) #与time.localtime()功能相反,将struct_time格式转回成时间戳格式#time.sleep(4) #sleepprint(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()) ) #将struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式print(time.strptime("2016-01-28","%Y-%m-%d") ) #将字符串格式转换成struct_time格式#datetime moduleprint(datetime.date.today()) #输出格式 2016-01-26print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time()-864400) ) #2016-01-16 将时间戳转成日期格式current_time = datetime.datetime.now() #print(current_time) #输出2016-01-26 19:04:30.335935print(current_time.timetuple()) #返回struct_time格式#datetime.replace([year[, month[, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[, tzinfo]]]]]]]])print(current_time.replace(2014,9,12)) #输出2014-09-12 19:06:24.074900,返回当前时间,但指定的值将被替换str_to_date = datetime.datetime.strptime("21/11/06 16:30", "%d/%m/%y %H:%M") #将字符串转换成日期格式new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=10) #比现在加10天new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=-10) #比现在减10天new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=-10) #比现在减10小时new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=120) #比现在+120sprint(new_date) |
| Directive | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|
%a |
Locale’s abbreviated weekday name. | |
%A |
Locale’s full weekday name. | |
%b |
Locale’s abbreviated month name. | |
%B |
Locale’s full month name. | |
%c |
Locale’s appropriate date and time representation. | |
%d |
Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31]. | |
%H |
Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23]. | |
%I |
Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
%j |
Day of the year as a decimal number [001,366]. | |
%m |
Month as a decimal number [01,12]. | |
%M |
Minute as a decimal number [00,59]. | |
%p |
Locale’s equivalent of either AM or PM. | (1) |
%S |
Second as a decimal number [00,61]. | (2) |
%U |
Week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Sunday are considered to be in week 0. | (3) |
%w |
Weekday as a decimal number [0(Sunday),6]. | |
%W |
Week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number [00,53]. All days in a new year preceding the first Monday are considered to be in week 0. | (3) |
%x |
Locale’s appropriate date representation. | |
%X |
Locale’s appropriate time representation. | |
%y |
Year without century as a decimal number [00,99]. | |
%Y |
Year with century as a decimal number. | |
%z |
Time zone offset indicating a positive or negative time difference from UTC/GMT of the form +HHMM or -HHMM, where H represents decimal hour digits and M represents decimal minute digits [-23:59, +23:59]. | |
%Z |
Time zone name (no characters if no time zone exists). | |
%% |
A literal ‘%‘ character. |
进度条实例：
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
|
import time,sysfor i in range(20): if i == 0: sys.stdout.write("[") sys.stdout.write("#") sys.stdout.flush() if i == 19: sys.stdout.write("]") time.sleep(0.5)结果为：[####################] |
6.random模块
随机数
|
1
2
3
4
|
mport randomprint random.random()print random.randint(1,2)print random.randrange(1,10) |
生成随机验证码
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
import randomcheckcode = ‘‘for i in range(4): current = random.randrange(0,4) if current != i: temp = chr(random.randint(65,90)) else: temp = random.randint(0,9) checkcode += str(temp)print checkcode |
提供对操作系统进行调用的接口
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
|
os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cdos.curdir 返回当前目录: (‘.‘)os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：(‘..‘)os.makedirs(‘dirname1/dirname2‘) 可生成多层递归目录os.removedirs(‘dirname1‘) 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推os.mkdir(‘dirname‘) 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirnameos.rmdir(‘dirname‘) 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirnameos.listdir(‘dirname‘) 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印os.remove() 删除一个文件os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录os.stat(‘path/filename‘) 获取文件/目录信息os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->‘nt‘; Linux->‘posix‘os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示os.environ 获取系统环境变量os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回Falseos.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回Trueos.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间 |
更多猛击这里
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息sys.maxint 最大的Int值sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称sys.stdout.write(‘please:‘)val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] |
直接参考 http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4963027.html
用于序列化的两个模块
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块，可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
|
import shelved = shelve.open(‘shelve_test‘) #打开一个文件class Test(object): def __init__(self,n): self.n = nt = Test(123) t2 = Test(123334)name = ["alex","rain","test"]d["test"] = name #持久化列表d["t1"] = t #持久化类d["t2"] = t2d.close() |
xml处理模块
xml是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，跟json差不多，但json使用起来更简单，不过，古时候，在json还没诞生的黑暗年代，大家只能选择用xml呀，至今很多传统公司如金融行业的很多系统的接口还主要是xml。
xml的格式如下，就是通过<>节点来区别数据结构的:
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
|
<?xml version="1.0"?><data> <country name="Liechtenstein"> <rank updated="yes">2</rank> <year>2008</year> <gdppc>141100</gdppc> <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/> <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/> </country> <country name="Singapore"> <rank updated="yes">5</rank> <year>2011</year> <gdppc>59900</gdppc> <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/> </country> <country name="Panama"> <rank updated="yes">69</rank> <year>2011</year> <gdppc>13600</gdppc> <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/> <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/> </country></data> |
xml协议在各个语言里的都 是支持的，在python中可以用以下模块操作xml
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
|
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ETtree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")root = tree.getroot()print(root.tag)#遍历xml文档for child in root: print(child.tag, child.attrib) for i in child: print(i.tag,i.text)#只遍历year 节点for node in root.iter(‘year‘): print(node.tag,node.text) |
修改和删除xml文档内容
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
|
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ETtree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml")root = tree.getroot()#修改for node in root.iter(‘year‘): new_year = int(node.text) + 1 node.text = str(new_year) node.set("updated","yes")tree.write("xmltest.xml")#删除nodefor country in root.findall(‘country‘): rank = int(country.find(‘rank‘).text) if rank > 50: root.remove(country)tree.write(‘output.xml‘) |
自己创建xml文档
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
|
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ETnew_xml = ET.Element("namelist")name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"})age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"})sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex")sex.text = ‘33‘name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"})age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age")age.text = ‘19‘et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文档对象et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True)ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式 |
PyYAML模块
Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式，只不过需要安装一个模块，参考文档：http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation
ConfigParser模块
用于生成和修改常见配置文档，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
来看一个好多软件的常见文档格式如下
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
|
[DEFAULT]ServerAliveInterval = 45Compression = yesCompressionLevel = 9ForwardX11 = yes[bitbucket.org]User = hg[topsecret.server.com]Port = 50022ForwardX11 = no |
如果想用python生成一个这样的文档怎么做呢？
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
|
import configparserconfig = configparser.ConfigParser()config["DEFAULT"] = {‘ServerAliveInterval‘: ‘45‘, ‘Compression‘: ‘yes‘, ‘CompressionLevel‘: ‘9‘}config[‘bitbucket.org‘] = {}config[‘bitbucket.org‘][‘User‘] = ‘hg‘config[‘topsecret.server.com‘] = {}topsecret = config[‘topsecret.server.com‘]topsecret[‘Host Port‘] = ‘50022‘ # mutates the parsertopsecret[‘ForwardX11‘] = ‘no‘ # same hereconfig[‘DEFAULT‘][‘ForwardX11‘] = ‘yes‘with open(‘example.ini‘, ‘w‘) as configfile: config.write(configfile) |
写完了还可以再读出来哈。
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
|
>>> import configparser>>> config = configparser.ConfigParser()>>> config.sections()[]>>> config.read(‘example.ini‘)[‘example.ini‘]>>> config.sections()[‘bitbucket.org‘, ‘topsecret.server.com‘]>>> ‘bitbucket.org‘ in configTrue>>> ‘bytebong.com‘ in configFalse>>> config[‘bitbucket.org‘][‘User‘]‘hg‘>>> config[‘DEFAULT‘][‘Compression‘]‘yes‘>>> topsecret = config[‘topsecret.server.com‘]>>> topsecret[‘ForwardX11‘]‘no‘>>> topsecret[‘Port‘]‘50022‘>>> for key in config[‘bitbucket.org‘]: print(key)...usercompressionlevelserveraliveintervalcompressionforwardx11>>> config[‘bitbucket.org‘][‘ForwardX11‘]‘yes‘ |
configparser增删改查语法
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
|
[section1]k1 = v1k2:v2[section2]k1 = v1import ConfigParserconfig = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()config.read(‘i.cfg‘)# ########## 读 ###########secs = config.sections()#print secs#options = config.options(‘group2‘)#print options#item_list = config.items(‘group2‘)#print item_list#val = config.get(‘group1‘,‘key‘)#val = config.getint(‘group1‘,‘key‘)# ########## 改写 ###########sec = config.remove_section(‘group1‘)#config.write(open(‘i.cfg‘, "w"))#sec = config.has_section(‘wupeiqi‘)#sec = config.add_section(‘wupeiqi‘)#config.write(open(‘i.cfg‘, "w"))#config.set(‘group2‘,‘k1‘,11111)#config.write(open(‘i.cfg‘, "w"))#config.remove_option(‘group2‘,‘age‘)#config.write(open(‘i.cfg‘, "w")) |
hashlib模块
用于加密相关的操作，3.x里代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
|
import hashlibm = hashlib.md5()m.update(b"Hello")m.update(b"It‘s me")print(m.digest())m.update(b"It‘s been a long time since last time we ...")print(m.digest()) #2进制格式hashprint(len(m.hexdigest())) #16进制格式hash‘‘‘def digest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the digest value as a string of binary data. """ passdef hexdigest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the digest value as a string of hexadecimal digits. """ pass‘‘‘import hashlib# ######## md5 ########hash = hashlib.md5()hash.update(‘admin‘)print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha1 ########hash = hashlib.sha1()hash.update(‘admin‘)print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha256 ########hash = hashlib.sha256()hash.update(‘admin‘)print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha384 ########hash = hashlib.sha384()hash.update(‘admin‘)print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha512 ########hash = hashlib.sha512()hash.update(‘admin‘)print(hash.hexdigest()) |
还不够吊？python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
|
1
2
3
4
|
import hmach = hmac.new(‘wueiqi‘)h.update(‘hellowo‘)print h.hexdigest() |
更多关于md5,sha1,sha256等介绍的文章看这里https://www.tbs-certificates.co.uk/FAQ/en/sha256.html
Subprocess模块
The subprocess module allows you to spawn new processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to replace several older modules and functions:
os.system
os.spawn*
The recommended approach to invoking subprocesses is to use the run() function for all use cases it can handle. For more advanced use cases, the underlying Popen interface can be used directly.
The run() function was added in Python 3.5; if you need to retain compatibility with older versions, see the Older high-level API section.
subprocess.run(args, *, stdin=None, input=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, timeout=None, check=False)Run the command described by args. Wait for command to complete, then return a CompletedProcess instance.
The arguments shown above are merely the most common ones, described below in Frequently Used Arguments (hence the use of keyword-only notation in the abbreviated signature). The full function signature is largely the same as that of the Popen constructor - apart from timeout, input and check, all the arguments to this function are passed through to that interface.
This does not capture stdout or stderr by default. To do so, pass PIPE for the stdout and/or stderr arguments.
The timeout argument is passed to Popen.communicate(). If the timeout expires, the child process will be killed and waited for. The TimeoutExpired exception will be re-raised after the child process has terminated.
The input argument is passed to Popen.communicate() and thus to the subprocess’s stdin. If used it must be a byte sequence, or a string if universal_newlines=True. When used, the internal Popen object is automatically created withstdin=PIPE, and the stdin argument may not be used as well.
If check is True, and the process exits with a non-zero exit code, a CalledProcessError exception will be raised. Attributes of that exception hold the arguments, the exit code, and stdout and stderr if they were captured.
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
|
>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"]) # doesn‘t capture outputCompletedProcess(args=[‘ls‘, ‘-l‘], returncode=0)>>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True)Traceback (most recent call last): ...subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command ‘exit 1‘ returned non-zero exit status 1>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)CompletedProcess(args=[‘ls‘, ‘-l‘, ‘/dev/null‘], returncode=0,stdout=b‘crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n‘) |
调用subprocess.run(...)是推荐的常用方法，在大多数情况下能满足需求，但如果你可能需要进行一些复杂的与系统的交互的话，你还可以用subprocess.Popen(),语法如下：
|
1
2
|
p = subprocess.Popen("find / -size +1000000 -exec ls -shl {} \;",shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE)print(p.stdout.read()) |
可用参数：
终端输入的命令分为两种：
需要交互的命令示例
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
import subprocessobj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)obj.stdin.write(‘print 1 \n ‘)obj.stdin.write(‘print 2 \n ‘)obj.stdin.write(‘print 3 \n ‘)obj.stdin.write(‘print 4 \n ‘)out_error_list = obj.communicate(timeout=10)print out_error_list |
logging模块
很多程序都有记录日志的需求，并且日志中包含的信息即有正常的程序访问日志，还可能有错误、警告等信息输出，python的logging模块提供了标准的日志接口，你可以通过它存储各种格式的日志，logging的日志可以分为 debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() 5个级别，下面我们看一下怎么用。
最简单用法
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
import logginglogging.warning("user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times")logging.critical("server is down")#输出WARNING:root:user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 timesCRITICAL:root:server is down |
看一下这几个日志级别分别代表什么意思
| Level | When it’s used |
|---|---|
DEBUG |
Detailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing problems. |
INFO |
Confirmation that things are working as expected. |
WARNING |
An indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of some problem in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected. |
ERROR |
Due to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to perform some function. |
CRITICAL |
A serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable to continue running. |
如果想把日志写到文件里，也很简单
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
|
import logginglogging.basicConfig(filename=‘example.log‘,level=logging.INFO)logging.debug(‘This message should go to the log file‘)logging.info(‘So should this‘)logging.warning(‘And this, too‘) |
其中下面这句中的level=loggin.INFO意思是，把日志纪录级别设置为INFO，也就是说，只有比日志是INFO或比INFO级别更高的日志才会被纪录到文件里，在这个例子， 第一条日志是不会被纪录的，如果希望纪录debug的日志，那把日志级别改成DEBUG就行了。
|
1
|
logging.basicConfig(filename=‘example.log‘,level=logging.INFO) |
感觉上面的日志格式忘记加上时间啦，日志不知道时间怎么行呢，下面就来加上!
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
|
import logginglogging.basicConfig(format=‘%(asctime)s %(message)s‘, datefmt=‘%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p‘)logging.warning(‘is when this event was logged.‘)#输出12/12/2010 11:46:36 AM is when this event was logged. |
如果想同时把log打印在屏幕和文件日志里，就需要了解一点复杂的知识 了
The logging library takes a modular approach and offers several categories of components: loggers, handlers, filters, and formatters.
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
|
import logging#create loggerlogger = logging.getLogger(‘TEST-LOG‘)logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)# create console handler and set level to debugch = logging.StreamHandler()ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)# create file handler and set level to warningfh = logging.FileHandler("access.log")fh.setLevel(logging.WARNING)# create formatterformatter = logging.Formatter(‘%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s‘)# add formatter to ch and fhch.setFormatter(formatter)fh.setFormatter(formatter)# add ch and fh to loggerlogger.addHandler(ch)logger.addHandler(fh)# ‘application‘ codelogger.debug(‘debug message‘)logger.info(‘info message‘)logger.warn(‘warn message‘)logger.error(‘error message‘)logger.critical(‘critical message‘) |
标签：
原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/Sit-on-the-fence/p/5809243.html
