Spring Web MVC处理请求的流程
具体执行步骤如下：
-
首先用户发送请求————>前端控制器，前端控制器根据请求信息（如URL）来决定选择哪一个页面控制器进行处理并把请求委托给它，即以前的控制器的控制逻辑部分；图2-1中的1、2步骤；
-
页面控制器接收到请求后，进行功能处理，首先需要收集和绑定请求参数到一个对象，这个对象在Spring Web MVC中叫命令对象，并进行验证，然后将命令对象委托给业务对象进行处理；处理完毕后返回一个ModelAndView（模型数据和逻辑视图名）；图2-1中的3、4、5步骤；
-
前端控制器收回控制权，然后根据返回的逻辑视图名，选择相应的视图进行渲染，并把模型数据传入以便视图渲染；图2-1中的步骤6、7；
-
前端控制器再次收回控制权，将响应返回给用户，图2-1中的步骤8；至此整个结束。
Spring Web MVC架构
用户发送请求到前端控制器
<servlet>
<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:spring-mvc.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>spring</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>架构图对应的DispatcherServlet核心代码如下:
//前端控制器的分派方法
protected void doDispatch(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
HttpServletRequest processedRequest = request;
HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler = null;
boolean multipartRequestParsed = false;
WebAsyncManager asyncManager = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request);
try {
ModelAndView mv = null;
Exception dispatchException = null;
try {
//检查是否是请求multipart如文件上传，如果是将通过multipartResolver解析
processedRequest = checkMultipart(request);
multipartRequestParsed = (processedRequest != request);
// Determine handler for the current request.
//步骤2,请求到处理器(页面控制器)的映射，通过HanMapping进行映射
mappedHandler = getHandler(processedRequest);
if (mappedHandler == null || mappedHandler.getHandler() == null) {
noHandlerFound(processedRequest, response);
return;
}
// Determine handler adapter for the current request.
//步骤3,处理适配，即交我们的处理器包装成相应的适配器，
HandlerAdapter ha = getHandlerAdapter(mappedHandler.getHandler());
// Process last-modified header, if supported by the handler.
// 304 Not Modified缓存支持
String method = request.getMethod();
boolean isGet = "GET".equals(method);
if (isGet || "HEAD".equals(method)) {
long lastModified = ha.getLastModified(request, mappedHandler.getHandler());
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Last-Modified value for [" + getRequestUri(request) + "] is: " + lastModified);
}
if (new ServletWebRequest(request, response).checkNotModified(lastModified) && isGet) {
return;
}
}
// 执行处理器相关的拦截器的预处理（HandlerInterceptor.preHandle）
if (!mappedHandler.applyPreHandle(processedRequest, response)) {
return;
}
// Actually invoke the handler.
// 步骤4、由适配器执行处理器（调用处理器相应功能处理方法）
mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler());
if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
return;
}
applyDefaultViewName(processedRequest, mv);
// 执行处理器相关的拦截器的后处理（HandlerInterceptor.postHandle）
mappedHandler.applyPostHandle(processedRequest, response, mv);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
dispatchException = ex;
}
processDispatchResult(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, mv, dispatchException);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
triggerAfterCompletion(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, ex);
}
catch (Error err) {
triggerAfterCompletionWithError(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler, err);
}
finally {
if (asyncManager.isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
// Instead of postHandle and afterCompletion
if (mappedHandler != null) {
mappedHandler.applyAfterConcurrentHandlingStarted(processedRequest, response);
}
}
else {
// Clean up any resources used by a multipart request.
if (multipartRequestParsed) {
cleanupMultipart(processedRequest);
}
}
}
}
//....
private void processDispatchResult(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
HandlerExecutionChain mappedHandler, ModelAndView mv, Exception exception) throws Exception {
boolean errorView = false;
if (exception != null) {
if (exception instanceof ModelAndViewDefiningException) {
logger.debug("ModelAndViewDefiningException encountered", exception);
mv = ((ModelAndViewDefiningException) exception).getModelAndView();
}
else {
Object handler = (mappedHandler != null ? mappedHandler.getHandler() : null);
mv = processHandlerException(request, response, handler, exception);
errorView = (mv != null);
}
}
// Did the handler return a view to render?
//步骤5 步骤6、解析视图并进行视图的渲染
//步骤5 由ViewResolver解析View（viewResolver.resolveViewName(viewName, locale)）
//步骤6 视图在渲染时会把Model传入（view.render(mv.getModelInternal(), request, response);）
if (mv != null && !mv.wasCleared()) {
render(mv, request, response);
if (errorView) {
WebUtils.clearErrorRequestAttributes(request);
}
}
else {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Null ModelAndView returned to DispatcherServlet with name ‘" + getServletName() +
"‘: assuming HandlerAdapter completed request handling");
}
}
if (WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) {
// Concurrent handling started during a forward
return;
}
//执行处理器相关的拦截器的完成后处理（HandlerInterceptor.afterCompletion）
if (mappedHandler != null) {
mappedHandler.triggerAfterCompletion(request, response, null);
}
}核心架构的具体流程步骤如下：
-
首先用户发送请求——>DispatcherServlet，前端控制器收到请求后自己不进行处理，而是委托给其他的解析器进行处理，作为统一访问点，进行全局的流程控制；
-
DispatcherServlet——>HandlerMapping， HandlerMapping将会把请求映射为HandlerExecutionChain对象（包含一个Handler处理器（页面控制器）对象、多个HandlerInterceptor拦截器）对象，通过这种策略模式，很容易添加新的映射策略；
/**
* Return the HandlerExecutionChain for this request.
* <p>Tries all handler mappings in order.
* @param request current HTTP request
* @return the HandlerExecutionChain, or {@code null} if no handler could be found
*/
protected HandlerExecutionChain getHandler(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
for (HandlerMapping hm : this.handlerMappings) {
if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace(
"Testing handler map [" + hm + "] in DispatcherServlet with name ‘" + getServletName() + "‘");
}
HandlerExecutionChain handler = hm.getHandler(request);
if (handler != null) {
return handler;
}
}
return null;
}
-
DispatcherServlet——>HandlerAdapter，HandlerAdapter将会把处理器包装为适配器，从而支持多种类型的处理器，即适配器设计模式的应用，从而很容易支持很多类型的处理器；
/**
* Return the HandlerAdapter for this handler object.
* @param handler the handler object to find an adapter for
* @throws ServletException if no HandlerAdapter can be found for the handler. This is a fatal error.
*/
protected HandlerAdapter getHandlerAdapter(Object handler) throws ServletException {
for (HandlerAdapter ha : this.handlerAdapters) {
if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace("Testing handler adapter [" + ha + "]");
}
if (ha.supports(handler)) {
return ha;
}
}
throw new ServletException("No adapter for handler [" + handler +
"]: The DispatcherServlet configuration needs to include a HandlerAdapter that supports this handler");
}
-
HandlerAdapter——>处理器功能处理方法的调用，HandlerAdapter将会根据适配的结果调用真正的处理器的功能处理方法，完成功能处理；并返回一个ModelAndView对象（包含模型数据、逻辑视图名）；
// Actually invoke the handler.
mv = ha.handle(processedRequest, response, mappedHandler.getHandler());
//...
/**
* Use the given handler to handle this request.
* The workflow that is required may vary widely.
* @param request current HTTP request
* @param response current HTTP response
* @param handler handler to use. This object must have previously been passed
* to the {@code supports} method of this interface, which must have
* returned {@code true}.
* @throws Exception in case of errors
* @return ModelAndView object with the name of the view and the required
* model data, or {@code null} if the request has been handled directly
*/
ModelAndView handle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception;
-
ModelAndView的逻辑视图名——> ViewResolver， ViewResolver将把逻辑视图名解析为具体的View，通过这种策略模式，很容易更换其他视图技术；
-
View——>渲染，View会根据传进来的Model模型数据进行渲染，此处的Model实际是一个Map数据结构，因此很容易支持其他视图技术；
// Did the handler return a view to render?
if (mv != null && !mv.wasCleared()) {
render(mv, request, response);
if (errorView) {
WebUtils.clearErrorRequestAttributes(request);
}
}
//...
/**
* Render the given ModelAndView.
* <p>This is the last stage in handling a request. It may involve resolving the view by name.
* @param mv the ModelAndView to render
* @param request current HTTP servlet request
* @param response current HTTP servlet response
* @throws ServletException if view is missing or cannot be resolved
* @throws Exception if there‘s a problem rendering the view
*/
protected void render(ModelAndView mv, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception {
// Determine locale for request and apply it to the response.
Locale locale = this.localeResolver.resolveLocale(request);
response.setLocale(locale);
View view;
if (mv.isReference()) {
// We need to resolve the view name.
view = resolveViewName(mv.getViewName(), mv.getModelInternal(), locale, request);
if (view == null) {
throw new ServletException("Could not resolve view with name ‘" + mv.getViewName() +
"‘ in servlet with name ‘" + getServletName() + "‘");
}
}
else {
// No need to lookup: the ModelAndView object contains the actual View object.
view = mv.getView();
if (view == null) {
throw new ServletException("ModelAndView [" + mv + "] neither contains a view name nor a " +
"View object in servlet with name ‘" + getServletName() + "‘");
}
}
// Delegate to the View object for rendering.
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Rendering view [" + view + "] in DispatcherServlet with name ‘" + getServletName() + "‘");
}
try {
view.render(mv.getModelInternal(), request, response);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Error rendering view [" + view + "] in DispatcherServlet with name ‘" +
getServletName() + "‘", ex);
}
throw ex;
}
}
//...
/**
* Resolve the given view name into a View object (to be rendered).
* <p>The default implementations asks all ViewResolvers of this dispatcher.
* Can be overridden for custom resolution strategies, potentially based on
* specific model attributes or request parameters.
* @param viewName the name of the view to resolve
* @param model the model to be passed to the view
* @param locale the current locale
* @param request current HTTP servlet request
* @return the View object, or {@code null} if none found
* @throws Exception if the view cannot be resolved
* (typically in case of problems creating an actual View object)
* @see ViewResolver#resolveViewName
*/
protected View resolveViewName(String viewName, Map<String, Object> model, Locale locale,
HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
for (ViewResolver viewResolver : this.viewResolvers) {
View view = viewResolver.resolveViewName(viewName, locale);
if (view != null) {
return view;
}
}
return null;
}-
返回控制权给DispatcherServlet，由DispatcherServlet返回响应给用户，到此一个流程结束。
此处我们只是讲了核心流程，没有考虑拦截器、本地解析、文件上传解析等，后边再细述。
在此我们可以看出具体的核心开发步骤： 1. DispatcherServlet在web.xml中的部署描述，从而拦截请求到Spring Web MVC 2. HandlerMapping的配置，从而将请求映射到处理器 3. HandlerAdapter的配置，从而支持多种类型的处理器 4. ViewResolver的配置，从而将逻辑视图名解析为具体视图技术 5. 处理器（页面控制器）的配置，从而进行功能处理
