在企业中,数据库高可用一直是企业的重中之重,中小企业很多都是使用mysql主从方案,一主多从,读写分离等,但是单主存在单点故障,从库切换成主库需要作改动。因此,如果是双主或者多主,就会增加mysql入口,增加高可用。不过多主需要考虑自增长ID问题,这个需要特别设置配置文件,比如双主,可以使用奇偶,总之,主之间设置自增长ID相互不冲突就能完美解决自增长ID冲突问题。
在开始之前,我们先来了解主从同步复制原理。
复制分成三步:
下图描述了这一过程:
该过程的第一部分就是master记录二进制日志。在每个事务更新数据完成之前,master在二日志记录这些改变。MySQL将事务串行的写入二进制日志,即使事务中的语句都是交叉执行的。在事件写入二进制日志完成后,master通知存储引擎提交事务。
下一步就是slave将master的binary log拷贝到它自己的中继日志。首先,slave开始一个工作线程——I/O线程。I/O线程在master上打开一个普通的连接,然后开始binlog dump process。Binlog dump process从master的二进制日志中读取事件,如果已经跟上master,它会睡眠并等待master产生新的事件。I/O线程将这些事件写入中继日志。
SQL slave thread处理该过程的最后一步。SQL线程从中继日志读取事件,更新slave的数据,使其与master中的数据一致。只要该线程与I/O线程保持一致,中继日志通常会位于OS的缓存中,所以中继日志的开销很小。
此外,在master中也有一个工作线程:和其它MySQL的连接一样,slave在master中打开一个连接也会使得master开始一个线程。
MySQL5.6以前的版本复制过程有一个很重要的限制——复制在slave上是串行化的,也就是说master上的并行更新操作不能在slave上并行操作。 MySQL5.6版本参数slave-parallel-workers=1 表示启用多线程功能。
MySQL5.6开始,增加了一个新特性,是加入了全局事务 ID (GTID) 来强化数据库的主备一致性,故障恢复,以及容错能力。
官方文档:http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/replication-gtids.html
这样做可以在一定程度上保证主库的高可用,在一台主库down掉之后,可以在极短的时间内切换到另一台主库上(尽可能减少主库宕机对业务造成的影响),减少了主从同步给线上主库带来的压力;
但是也有几个不足的地方:
架构的简易图如下:
1.CentOS 6.8 64位 2台:masterA(192.168.10.11),masterB(192.168.10.12)
2.官方Mysql5.6版本
yum -y install make gcc gcc-c++ ncurses-devel bison openssl-devel
groupadd -g 27 mysql adduser -u 27 -g mysql -s /sbin/nologin mysql
mkdir -p /data/packages/src cd /data/packages/ wget http://distfiles.macports.org/cmake/cmake-3.2.3.tar.gz wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.34.tar.gz
mkdir -p /usr/local/mysql/data
cd /data/packages/src tar -zxvf ../cmake-3.2.3.tar.gz cd cmake-3.2.3/ ./bootstrap gmake make install
cd ../ tar xf mysql-5.6.34.tar.gz cd mysql-5.6.34 cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql -DSYSCONFDIR=/etc -DWITH_SSL=bundled -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_MYISAM_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/usr/local/mysql/data make && make install
cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
[client] port = 3306 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql port = 3306 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data pid-file = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.pid log-error = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.err server-id = 1 auto_increment_offset = 1 auto_increment_increment = 2 #奇数ID log-bin = mysql-bin #打开二进制功能,MASTER主服务器必须打开此项 binlog-format=ROW binlog-row-image=minimal log-slave-updates=true gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true master-info-repository=TABLE relay-log-info-repository=TABLE sync-master-info=1 slave-parallel-workers=0 sync_binlog=0 binlog-checksum=CRC32 master-verify-checksum=1 slave-sql-verify-checksum=1 binlog-rows-query-log_events=1 #expire_logs_days=5 max_binlog_size=1024M #binlog单文件最大值 replicate-ignore-db = mysql #忽略不同步主从的数据库 replicate-ignore-db = information_schema replicate-ignore-db = performance_schema replicate-ignore-db = test replicate-ignore-db = zabbix max_connections = 3000 max_connect_errors = 30 skip-character-set-client-handshake #忽略应用程序想要设置的其他字符集 init-connect=‘SET NAMES utf8‘ #连接时执行的SQL character-set-server=utf8 #服务端默认字符集 wait_timeout=1800 #请求的最大连接时间 interactive_timeout=1800 #和上一参数同时修改才会生效 sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES #sql模式 max_allowed_packet = 10M bulk_insert_buffer_size = 8M query_cache_type = 1 query_cache_size = 128M query_cache_limit = 4M key_buffer_size = 256M read_buffer_size = 16K skip-name-resolve slow_query_log=1 long_query_time = 6 slow_query_log_file=slow-query.log innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M [mysql] no-auto-rehash [myisamchk] key_buffer_size = 20M sort_buffer_size = 20M read_buffer = 2M write_buffer = 2M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 16M [mysqld_safe]
log-slave-updates = true #将复制事件写入binlog,一台服务器既做主库又做从库此选项必须要开启
#masterA自增长ID auto_increment_offset = 1 auto_increment_increment = 2 #奇数ID
#masterB自增加ID auto_increment_offset = 2 auto_increment_increment = 2 #偶数ID
[client] port = 3306 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock [mysqld] basedir = /usr/local/mysql port = 3306 socket = /tmp/mysql.sock datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data pid-file = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.pid log-error = /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql.err server-id = 2 auto_increment_offset = 2 auto_increment_increment = 2 #偶数ID log-bin = mysql-bin #打开二进制功能,MASTER主服务器必须打开此项 binlog-format=ROW binlog-row-image=minimal log-slave-updates=true gtid-mode=on enforce-gtid-consistency=true master-info-repository=TABLE relay-log-info-repository=TABLE sync-master-info=1 slave-parallel-workers=0 sync_binlog=0 binlog-checksum=CRC32 master-verify-checksum=1 slave-sql-verify-checksum=1 binlog-rows-query-log_events=1 #expire_logs_days=5 max_binlog_size=1024M #binlog单文件最大值 replicate-ignore-db = mysql #忽略不同步主从的数据库 replicate-ignore-db = information_schema replicate-ignore-db = performance_schema replicate-ignore-db = test replicate-ignore-db = zabbix max_connections = 3000 max_connect_errors = 30 skip-character-set-client-handshake #忽略应用程序想要设置的其他字符集 init-connect=‘SET NAMES utf8‘ #连接时执行的SQL character-set-server=utf8 #服务端默认字符集 wait_timeout=1800 #请求的最大连接时间 interactive_timeout=1800 #和上一参数同时修改才会生效 sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES #sql模式 max_allowed_packet = 10M bulk_insert_buffer_size = 8M query_cache_type = 1 query_cache_size = 128M query_cache_limit = 4M key_buffer_size = 256M read_buffer_size = 16K skip-name-resolve slow_query_log=1 long_query_time = 6 slow_query_log_file=slow-query.log innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M [mysql] no-auto-rehash [myisamchk] key_buffer_size = 20M sort_buffer_size = 20M read_buffer = 2M write_buffer = 2M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 16M [mysqld_safe]
cd /usr/local/mysql
scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld /etc/init.d/mysqld start
masterA上:
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to ‘repl‘@‘192.168.10.12‘ identified by ‘123456‘; mysql> flush privileges;
masterB上:
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to ‘repl‘@‘192.168.10.11‘ identified by ‘123456‘; mysql> flush privileges;
masterA上:
mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | mysql-bin.000003 | 120 | | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
masterB上
mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | mysql-bin.000003 | 437 | | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
masterA上:
mysql> change master to master_host=‘192.168.10.12‘,master_port=3306,master_user=‘repl‘,master_password=‘123456‘,master_log_file=‘mysql-bin.000003‘,master_log_pos=437; mysql> start slave; mysql> show slave status\G;
显示有如下状态则正常:
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
masterB上:
#本人是测试环境,可以保证没数据写入,否则需要的步骤是:先masterA锁表-->masterA备份数据-->masterA解锁表 -->masterB导入数据-->masterB设置主从-->查看主从
mysql> change master to master_host=‘192.168.10.11‘,master_port=3306,master_user=‘repl‘,master_password=‘123456‘,master_log_file=‘mysql-bin.000003‘,master_log_pos=120; start slave; mysql> show slave status\G;
显示有如下状态则正常:
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> create database test01; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | | test01 | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> quit Bye [root@masterA data]#
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | | test01 | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> quit Bye [root@masterB data]#
masterA和masterB分别执行如下命令:
mysql> stop slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> change master to MASTER_AUTO_POSITION=1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
一种主从报错折腾了我半天:
Last_IO_Errno: 1236
Last_IO_Error: Got fatal error 1236 from master when reading data from binary log: ‘Could not open log file‘
后面修改主从同步相关 参数,确认原因是my.cnf增加了如下参数:
log-bin = mysql-bin
relay-log = mysql-bin
从正常主主同步时的二进制日志文件显示,有2套二进制日志。因此推断上面2个参数导致不能产生2套二进制文件,故导致二进制文件错乱和丢失。
本文出自 “ygqygq2” 博客,请务必保留此出处http://ygqygq2.blog.51cto.com/1009869/1870864
原文地址:http://ygqygq2.blog.51cto.com/1009869/1870864