标签：切割 sys.argv print follow 文件格式 nec ict tom 技术
本章内容：
| 模块介绍 |
Python Module(模块)，就是一个保存了Python代码的文件。模块能定义函数，类和变量。模块里也能包含可执行的代码。
文件名就是模块名加上后缀.py，在模块内部，模块名存储在全局变量__name__中，是一个string，可以直接在module中通过__name__引用到module name。
模块分为三种：
导入模块：
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import modulefrom module.xx.xx import xxfrom module.xx.xx import xx as rename from module.xx.xx import * |
模块路径：
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#获取路径import sysfor i in sys.path: print(i)#输出结果：S:\MyprojectS:\Python 3.5.1\python35.zipS:\Python 3.5.1\DLLsS:\Python 3.5.1\lib #存放标准库S:\Python 3.5.1S:\Python 3.5.1\lib\site-packages #存放第三方库，扩充库#添加路径import sysimport ospre_path = os.path.abspath(‘../‘)sys.path.append(pre_path) |
开源模块：
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#先安装 gcc 编译和 python 开发环境yum install gccyum install python-devel或apt-get python-dev#安装方式（安装成功后，模块会自动安装到 sys.path 中的某个目录中）yum pipapt-get...#进入python环境，导入模块检查是否安装成功 |
| time & datetime 模块 |
时间相关的操作，时间有三种表示方式：
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import timeprint(time.time()) #返回当前系统时间戳（1970年1月1日0时0分0秒开始）print(time.ctime()) #输出Tue May 17 16:07:11 2016，当前系统时间print(time.ctime(time.time() - 86400)) #将时间戳转换为字符串格式print(time.gmtime(time.time() - 86400)) #将时间戳转换为struct_time格式print(time.localtime(time.time() - 86400)) #将时间戳转换为struct_time格式，返回本地时间print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) #与time.localtime()功能相反，将struct_time格式转回成时间戳格式#time.sleep(5) #sleep停顿print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime())) #将struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式print(time.strptime("2016-05-17","%Y-%m-%d")) #将字符串格式转换成struct_time格式print("----------------------------------------------------------------")import datetimeprint(datetime.date.today()) #输出格式 2016-05-17print(datetime.date.fromtimestamp(time.time() - 86400)) #2016-05-16 将时间戳转成日期格式current_time = datetime.datetime.now()print(current_time) #输出2016-05-17 16:18:28.737561print(current_time.timetuple()) #返回struct_time格式print(current_time.replace(2008,8,8)) #输出2008-08-08 16:21:34.798203,返回当前时间,但指定的值将被替换str_to_date = datetime.datetime.strptime("28/7/08 11:20","%d/%m/%y %H:%M") #将字符串转换成日期格式new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=10) #比现在加10天new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=-10) #比现在减10天new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=-10) #比现在减10小时new_date = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=120) #比现在+120sprint(new_date) |
| random 模块 |
随机数：
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import randomprint(random.random()) #用于生成一个0到1的随机符点数: 0 <= n < 1.0print(random.randint(1,2)) #用于生成一个指定范围内的整数print(random.randrange(1,10)) #从指定范围内，按指定基数递增的集合中获取一个随机数print(random.uniform(1,10)) #用于生成一个指定范围内的随机符点数print(random.choice(‘nick‘)) #从序列中获取一个随机元素li = [‘nick‘,‘jenny‘,‘car‘,]random.shuffle(li) #用于将一个列表中的元素打乱print(li)li_new = random.sample(li,2) #从指定序列中随机获取指定长度的片断(从li中随机获取2个元素，作为一个片断返回)print(li_new) |
生成随机验证码：
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########## 随机验证码 ############import randomtemp = ‘‘for i in range(4): num = random.randrange(0,4) if num == 0 or num == 3: #一半的概率 rad2 = random.randrange(0,10) temp = temp + str(rad2) else: rad1 = random.randrange(65,91) c1 = chr(rad1) temp = temp + c1print(temp) |
| os模块 |
os模块用于提供系统级别的操作
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os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cdos.curdir 返回当前目录: (‘.‘)os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：(‘..‘)os.makedirs(‘dir1/dir2‘) 可生成多层递归目录os.removedirs(‘dirname1‘) 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推os.mkdir(‘dirname‘) 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirnameos.rmdir(‘dirname‘) 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirnameos.listdir(‘dirname‘) 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印os.remove() 删除一个文件os.rename("oldname","new") 重命名文件/目录os.stat(‘path/filename‘) 获取文件/目录信息os.sep 操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"os.linesep 当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"os.pathsep 用于分割文件路径的字符串os.name 字符串指示当前使用平台。win->‘nt‘; Linux->‘posix‘os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示os.environ 获取系统环境变量os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回Falseos.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回Trueos.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回Falseos.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间 |
| sys模块 |
用于提供对解释器相关的操作
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sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息sys.maxint 最大的Int值sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称sys.stdin 输入相关sys.stdout 输出相关sys.stderror 错误相关 |
# 手写进度条 import sys,time for ii in range(101): sys.stdout.write(‘\r‘) #每一次清空原行。 sys.stdout.write("%s%% |%s|"%(int(int(ii)/100*100),int(int(ii)/100*100) * ‘#‘)) #一共次数除当前次数算进度 sys.stdout.flush() #强制刷新到屏幕 time.sleep(0.05)
| json & picle 模块 |
用于序列化的两个模块
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
dump()函数接受一个文件句柄和一个数据对象作为参数，把数据对象以特定的格式保存 到给定的文件中。当我们使用load()函数从文件中取出已保存的对象时，pickle知道如何恢复这些对象到它们本来的格式。
dumps()函数执行和dump() 函数相同的序列化。取代接受流对象并将序列化后的数据保存到磁盘文件，这个函数简单的返回序列化的数据。
loads()函数执行和load() 函数一样的反序列化。取代接受一个流对象并去文件读取序列化后的数据，它接受包含序列化后的数据的str对象, 直接返回的对象。
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##### json.loads 将字符串转换为python基本数据类型 列表字典 #####import jsonl = ‘["nick","jenny","car"]‘print(l,type(l))l = json.loads(l)print(l,type(l))l = ‘{"k1":"nick","k2:":"jenny"}‘print(l,type(l))l = json.loads(l)print(l,type(l))##### json.dumps 将python的数据类型列表字典转换为字符串 ######import jsonl = ["nick","jenny","car"]print(l,type(l))l = json.dumps(l)print(l,type(l))l = {"k1":"nick","k2:":"jenny"}print(l,type(l))l = json.dumps(l)print(l,type(l))##### json dump、load 文件相关 #####import jsonl = {"k1":"nick","k2:":"jenny"}json.dump(l,open(‘db‘,‘w‘))ret = json.load(open(‘db‘))print(ret) |
| hashlib 模块 |
用于加密相关的操作，代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供md5(), sha1(), sha224(), sha256(), sha384(), and sha512()算法
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import hashlib# ######## md5 ########hash = hashlib.md5()# help(hash.update)hash.update(bytes(‘admin‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘))print(hash.hexdigest())print(hash.digest())######## sha1 ########hash = hashlib.sha1()hash.update(bytes(‘admin‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘))print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha256 ########hash = hashlib.sha256()hash.update(bytes(‘admin‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘))print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha384 ########hash = hashlib.sha384()hash.update(bytes(‘admin‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘))print(hash.hexdigest())# ######## sha512 ########hash = hashlib.sha512()hash.update(bytes(‘admin‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘))print(hash.hexdigest())##### 加盐 ####### ######## md5 ########hash = hashlib.md5(bytes(‘898oaFs09f‘,encoding="utf-8"))hash.update(bytes(‘admin‘,encoding="utf-8"))print(hash.hexdigest())#python内置还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 进行进一步的处理然后再加密import hmach = hmac.new(bytes(‘898oaFs09f‘,encoding="utf-8"))h.update(bytes(‘admin‘,encoding="utf-8"))print(h.hexdigest()) |
| XML 模块 |
XML是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，XML文件格式如下：
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2023</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="E" name="Austria" />
<neighbor direction="W" name="Switzerland" />
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="N" name="Malaysia" />
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
<year>2026</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor direction="W" name="Costa Rica" />
<neighbor direction="E" name="Colombia" />
</country>
</data>
1、解析XML
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 打开文件，读取XML内容 str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot()
2、操作XML
XML格式类型是节点嵌套节点，对于每一个节点均有以下功能，以便对当前节点进行操作：
class Element: """An XML element. This class is the reference implementation of the Element interface. An element‘s length is its number of subelements. That means if you want to check if an element is truly empty, you should check BOTH its length AND its text attribute. The element tag, attribute names, and attribute values can be either bytes or strings. *tag* is the element name. *attrib* is an optional dictionary containing element attributes. *extra* are additional element attributes given as keyword arguments. Example form: <tag attrib>text<child/>...</tag>tail """ 当前节点的标签名 tag = None """The element‘s name.""" 当前节点的属性 attrib = None """Dictionary of the element‘s attributes.""" 当前节点的内容 text = None """ Text before first subelement. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there is no text, this attribute may be either None or the empty string, depending on the parser. """ tail = None """ Text after this element‘s end tag, but before the next sibling element‘s start tag. This is either a string or the value None. Note that if there was no text, this attribute may be either None or an empty string, depending on the parser. """ def __init__(self, tag, attrib={}, **extra): if not isinstance(attrib, dict): raise TypeError("attrib must be dict, not %s" % ( attrib.__class__.__name__,)) attrib = attrib.copy() attrib.update(extra) self.tag = tag self.attrib = attrib self._children = [] def __repr__(self): return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, id(self)) def makeelement(self, tag, attrib): 创建一个新节点 """Create a new element with the same type. *tag* is a string containing the element name. *attrib* is a dictionary containing the element attributes. Do not call this method, use the SubElement factory function instead. """ return self.__class__(tag, attrib) def copy(self): """Return copy of current element. This creates a shallow copy. Subelements will be shared with the original tree. """ elem = self.makeelement(self.tag, self.attrib) elem.text = self.text elem.tail = self.tail elem[:] = self return elem def __len__(self): return len(self._children) def __bool__(self): warnings.warn( "The behavior of this method will change in future versions. " "Use specific ‘len(elem)‘ or ‘elem is not None‘ test instead.", FutureWarning, stacklevel=2 ) return len(self._children) != 0 # emulate old behaviour, for now def __getitem__(self, index): return self._children[index] def __setitem__(self, index, element): # if isinstance(index, slice): # for elt in element: # assert iselement(elt) # else: # assert iselement(element) self._children[index] = element def __delitem__(self, index): del self._children[index] def append(self, subelement): 为当前节点追加一个子节点 """Add *subelement* to the end of this element. The new element will appear in document order after the last existing subelement (or directly after the text, if it‘s the first subelement), but before the end tag for this element. """ self._assert_is_element(subelement) self._children.append(subelement) def extend(self, elements): 为当前节点扩展 n 个子节点 """Append subelements from a sequence. *elements* is a sequence with zero or more elements. """ for element in elements: self._assert_is_element(element) self._children.extend(elements) def insert(self, index, subelement): 在当前节点的子节点中插入某个节点，即：为当前节点创建子节点，然后插入指定位置 """Insert *subelement* at position *index*.""" self._assert_is_element(subelement) self._children.insert(index, subelement) def _assert_is_element(self, e): # Need to refer to the actual Python implementation, not the # shadowing C implementation. if not isinstance(e, _Element_Py): raise TypeError(‘expected an Element, not %s‘ % type(e).__name__) def remove(self, subelement): 在当前节点在子节点中删除某个节点 """Remove matching subelement. Unlike the find methods, this method compares elements based on identity, NOT ON tag value or contents. To remove subelements by other means, the easiest way is to use a list comprehension to select what elements to keep, and then use slice assignment to update the parent element. ValueError is raised if a matching element could not be found. """ # assert iselement(element) self._children.remove(subelement) def getchildren(self): 获取所有的子节点（废弃） """(Deprecated) Return all subelements. Elements are returned in document order. """ warnings.warn( "This method will be removed in future versions. " "Use ‘list(elem)‘ or iteration over elem instead.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2 ) return self._children def find(self, path, namespaces=None): 获取第一个寻找到的子节点 """Find first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return the first matching element, or None if no element was found. """ return ElementPath.find(self, path, namespaces) def findtext(self, path, default=None, namespaces=None): 获取第一个寻找到的子节点的内容 """Find text for first matching element by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *default* is the value to return if the element was not found, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return text content of first matching element, or default value if none was found. Note that if an element is found having no text content, the empty string is returned. """ return ElementPath.findtext(self, path, default, namespaces) def findall(self, path, namespaces=None): 获取所有的子节点 """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Returns list containing all matching elements in document order. """ return ElementPath.findall(self, path, namespaces) def iterfind(self, path, namespaces=None): 获取所有指定的节点，并创建一个迭代器（可以被for循环） """Find all matching subelements by tag name or path. *path* is a string having either an element tag or an XPath, *namespaces* is an optional mapping from namespace prefix to full name. Return an iterable yielding all matching elements in document order. """ return ElementPath.iterfind(self, path, namespaces) def clear(self): 清空节点 """Reset element. This function removes all subelements, clears all attributes, and sets the text and tail attributes to None. """ self.attrib.clear() self._children = [] self.text = self.tail = None def get(self, key, default=None): 获取当前节点的属性值 """Get element attribute. Equivalent to attrib.get, but some implementations may handle this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to look for, and *default* is what to return if the attribute was not found. Returns a string containing the attribute value, or the default if attribute was not found. """ return self.attrib.get(key, default) def set(self, key, value): 为当前节点设置属性值 """Set element attribute. Equivalent to attrib[key] = value, but some implementations may handle this a bit more efficiently. *key* is what attribute to set, and *value* is the attribute value to set it to. """ self.attrib[key] = value def keys(self): 获取当前节点的所有属性的 key """Get list of attribute names. Names are returned in an arbitrary order, just like an ordinary Python dict. Equivalent to attrib.keys() """ return self.attrib.keys() def items(self): 获取当前节点的所有属性值，每个属性都是一个键值对 """Get element attributes as a sequence. The attributes are returned in arbitrary order. Equivalent to attrib.items(). Return a list of (name, value) tuples. """ return self.attrib.items() def iter(self, tag=None): 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。 """Create tree iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document order, returning all elements with a matching tag. If the tree structure is modified during iteration, new or removed elements may or may not be included. To get a stable set, use the list() function on the iterator, and loop over the resulting list. *tag* is what tags to look for (default is to return all elements) Return an iterator containing all the matching elements. """ if tag == "*": tag = None if tag is None or self.tag == tag: yield self for e in self._children: yield from e.iter(tag) # compatibility def getiterator(self, tag=None): # Change for a DeprecationWarning in 1.4 warnings.warn( "This method will be removed in future versions. " "Use ‘elem.iter()‘ or ‘list(elem.iter())‘ instead.", PendingDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2 ) return list(self.iter(tag)) def itertext(self): 在当前节点的子孙中根据节点名称寻找所有指定的节点的内容，并返回一个迭代器（可以被for循环）。 """Create text iterator. The iterator loops over the element and all subelements in document order, returning all inner text. """ tag = self.tag if not isinstance(tag, str) and tag is not None: return if self.text: yield self.text for e in self: yield from e.itertext() if e.tail: yield e.tail
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由于 每个节点 都具有以上的方法，并且在上一步骤中解析时均得到了root（xml文件的根节点），so 可以利用以上方法进行操作xml文件。 a. 遍历XML文档的所有内容
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############ """ # 打开文件，读取XML内容 str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml) """ ############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot() ### 操作 # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 遍历XML文档的第二层 for child in root: # 第二层节点的标签名称和标签属性 print(child.tag, child.attrib) # 遍历XML文档的第三层 for i in child: # 第二层节点的标签名称和内容 print(i.tag,i.text) b、遍历XML中指定的节点
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############ """ # 打开文件，读取XML内容 str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml) """ ############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot() ### 操作 # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 遍历XML中所有的year节点 for node in root.iter(‘year‘): # 节点的标签名称和内容 print(node.tag, node.text) c、修改节点内容 由于修改的节点时，均是在内存中进行，其不会影响文件中的内容。所以，如果想要修改，则需要重新将内存中的内容写到文件。
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式一 ############ # 打开文件，读取XML内容 str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml) ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 循环所有的year节点 for node in root.iter(‘year‘): # 将year节点中的内容自增一 new_year = int(node.text) + 1 node.text = str(new_year) # 设置属性 node.set(‘name‘, ‘alex‘) node.set(‘age‘, ‘18‘) # 删除属性 del node.attrib[‘name‘] ############ 保存文件 ############ tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析方式二 ############ # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot() ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 循环所有的year节点 for node in root.iter(‘year‘): # 将year节点中的内容自增一 new_year = int(node.text) + 1 node.text = str(new_year) # 设置属性 node.set(‘name‘, ‘alex‘) node.set(‘age‘, ‘18‘) # 删除属性 del node.attrib[‘name‘] ############ 保存文件 ############ tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘) d、删除节点
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析字符串方式打开 ############ # 打开文件，读取XML内容 str_xml = open(‘xo.xml‘, ‘r‘).read() # 将字符串解析成xml特殊对象，root代指xml文件的根节点 root = ET.XML(str_xml) ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 遍历data下的所有country节点 for country in root.findall(‘country‘): # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容 rank = int(country.find(‘rank‘).text) if rank > 50: # 删除指定country节点 root.remove(country) ############ 保存文件 ############ tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ############ 解析文件方式 ############ # 直接解析xml文件 tree = ET.parse("xo.xml") # 获取xml文件的根节点 root = tree.getroot() ############ 操作 ############ # 顶层标签 print(root.tag) # 遍历data下的所有country节点 for country in root.findall(‘country‘): # 获取每一个country节点下rank节点的内容 rank = int(country.find(‘rank‘).text) if rank > 50: # 删除指定country节点 root.remove(country) ############ 保存文件 ############ tree.write("newnew.xml", encoding=‘utf-8‘) |
3、创建XML文档
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点 root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建节点大儿子 son1 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘}) # 创建小儿子 son2 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子 grandson1 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘}) grandson2 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘}) son1.append(grandson1) son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中 root.append(son1) root.append(son1) tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write(‘oooo.xml‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘, short_empty_elements=False)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点 root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建大儿子 # son1 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘}) son1 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘}) # 创建小儿子 # son2 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘}) son2 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子 # grandson1 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘}) grandson1 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘}) # grandson2 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘}) grandson2 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘}) son1.append(grandson1) son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中 root.append(son1) root.append(son1) tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write(‘oooo.xml‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘, short_empty_elements=False)
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 创建根节点 root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建节点大儿子 son1 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={‘name‘: ‘儿1‘}) # 创建小儿子 son2 = ET.SubElement(root, "son", attrib={"name": "儿2"}) # 在大儿子中创建一个孙子 grandson1 = ET.SubElement(son1, "age", attrib={‘name‘: ‘儿11‘}) grandson1.text = ‘孙子‘ et = ET.ElementTree(root) #生成文档对象 et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True, short_empty_elements=False)
由于原生保存的XML时默认无缩进，如果想要设置缩进的话， 需要修改保存方式：
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET from xml.dom import minidom def prettify(elem): """将节点转换成字符串，并添加缩进。 """ rough_string = ET.tostring(elem, ‘utf-8‘) reparsed = minidom.parseString(rough_string) return reparsed.toprettyxml(indent="\t") # 创建根节点 root = ET.Element("famliy") # 创建大儿子 # son1 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘}) son1 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿1‘}) # 创建小儿子 # son2 = ET.Element(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘}) son2 = root.makeelement(‘son‘, {"name": ‘儿2‘}) # 在大儿子中创建两个孙子 # grandson1 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘}) grandson1 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿11‘}) # grandson2 = ET.Element(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘}) grandson2 = son1.makeelement(‘grandson‘, {‘name‘: ‘儿12‘}) son1.append(grandson1) son1.append(grandson2) # 把儿子添加到根节点中 root.append(son1) root.append(son1) raw_str = prettify(root) f = open("xxxoo.xml",‘w‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘) f.write(raw_str) f.close()
4、命名空间
from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET ET.register_namespace(‘com‘,"http://www.company.com") #some name # build a tree structure root = ET.Element("{http://www.company.com}STUFF") body = ET.SubElement(root, "{http://www.company.com}MORE_STUFF", attrib={"{http://www.company.com}hhh": "123"}) body.text = "STUFF EVERYWHERE!" # wrap it in an ElementTree instance, and save as XML tree = ET.ElementTree(root) tree.write("page.xml", xml_declaration=True, encoding=‘utf-8‘, method="xml")
| requests 模块 |
Python标准库中提供了：urllib等模块以供Http请求，但是，它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作，甚至包括各种方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。
import urllib.request f=urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508‘) result = f.read().decode(‘utf-8‘)
import urllib.request req = urllib.request.Request(‘http://www.example.com/‘) req.add_header(‘Referer‘, ‘http://www.python.org/‘) r = urllib.request.urlopen(req) result = f.read().decode(‘utf-8‘)
注：更多见Python官方文档：https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/urllib.request.html#module-urllib.request
Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。
1、安装模块
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2、使用模块
# 1、无参数实例 import requests ret = requests.get(‘https://github.com/timeline.json‘) print(ret.url) print(ret.text) # 2、有参数实例 import requests payload = {‘key1‘: ‘value1‘, ‘key2‘: ‘value2‘} ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload) print(ret.url) print(ret.text)
# 1、基本POST实例 import requests payload = {‘key1‘: ‘value1‘, ‘key2‘: ‘value2‘} ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload) print(ret.text) # 2、发送请求头和数据实例 import requests import json url = ‘https://api.github.com/some/endpoint‘ payload = {‘some‘: ‘data‘} headers = {‘content-type‘: ‘application/json‘} ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers) print(ret.text) print(ret.cookies)
requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs) requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs) requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.head(url, **kwargs) requests.delete(url, **kwargs) requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs) requests.options(url, **kwargs) # 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建 requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
更多requests模块相关的文档见：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/
3、Http请求和XML实例
实例：检测QQ账号是否在线
import urllib import requests from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容 """ f = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=630571017‘) result = f.read().decode(‘utf-8‘) """ # 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容 r = requests.get(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn//webservices/qqOnlineWebService.asmx/qqCheckOnline?qqCode=424662508‘) result = r.text # 解析XML格式内容 node = ET.XML(result) # 获取内容 if node.text == "Y": print("在线") else: print("离线")
实例：查看火车停靠信息
import urllib import requests from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET # 使用内置模块urllib发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容 """ f = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=G666&UserID=‘) result = f.read().decode(‘utf-8‘) """ # 使用第三方模块requests发送HTTP请求，或者XML格式内容 r = requests.get(‘http://www.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/TrainTimeWebService.asmx/getDetailInfoByTrainCode?TrainCode=G666&UserID=‘) result = r.text # 解析XML格式内容 root = ET.XML(result) for node in root.iter(‘TrainDetailInfo‘): print(node.find(‘TrainStation‘).text,node.find(‘StartTime‘).text,node.tag,node.attrib)
实例：查看天气信息
import requests response = requests.get("http://www.weather.com.cn/data/sk/101010100.html") response.encoding = "utf-8" result = response.text print(result)
| configparser 模块 |
configparser用于处理特定格式的文件，其本质上是利用open来操作文件。
#指定格式 #注释 ;注释2 [nick] #节点 age = 18 #值 gender = ning #值 dearm = girl #值 [jenny] #节点 age = 21 #值 gender = jia #值
1、获取所有节点
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import configparsercon = configparser.ConfigParser()con.read("ini",encoding="utf-8")result = con.sections()print(result) |
2、获取指定节点下所有的键值对
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import configparsercon = configparser.ConfigParser()con.read("ini",encoding="utf-8")result = con.items("nick")print(result) |
3、获取指定节点下所有的键
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import configparsercon = configparser.ConfigParser()con.read("ini",encoding="utf-8")ret = con.options("nick")print(ret) |
4、获取指定节点下指定key的值
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import configparsercon = configparser.ConfigParser()con.read("ini",encoding="utf-8")v = con.get("nick","age")v = con.get("nick","gender")v = con.get("jenny","age")v = con.get("jenny","gender")print(v) |
5、检查、删除、添加节点
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#检查、删除、添加节点import configparsercon = configparser.ConfigParser()con.read("ini",encoding="utf-8")#检查has_sec = con.has_section("nick")print(has_sec)#添加节点con.add_section("car")con.write(open("ini","w"))#删除节点con.remove_section("car")con.write(open("ini","w")) |
6、检查、删除、设置指定组内的键值对
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#检查、删除、设置指定组内的键值对import configparsercon = configparser.ConfigParser()con.read("ini",encoding="utf-8")#检查hac_opt = con.has_option("nick","age")print(hac_opt)#删除con.remove_option("nick","dearm")con.write(open("ini","w"))#设置con.set("nick","dearm","girl")con.write(open("ini","w")) |
| logging 模块 |
用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块
1、单日志文件
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import logginglogging.basicConfig(filename="log.log", format="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(module)s: %(message)s", datefmt="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p", level=logging.INFO)logging.critical("critical")logging.fatal("fatal")logging.error("error")logging.warn("warn")logging.warning("warning")logging.info("info")logging.debug("debug")logging.log(8,"log") |
日志等级
""" |
注：只有【当前写等级】大于【日志等级】时，日志文件才被记录。
2、多文件日志
对于上述记录日志的功能，只能将日志记录在单文件中，如果想要设置多个日志文件，logging.basicConfig将无法完成，需要自定义文件和日志操作对象。
# 定义文件 file_1_1 = logging.FileHandler(‘l1_1.log‘, ‘a‘) fmt = logging.Formatter(fmt="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s: %(message)s") file_1_1.setFormatter(fmt) file_1_2 = logging.FileHandler(‘l1_2.log‘, ‘a‘) fmt = logging.Formatter() file_1_2.setFormatter(fmt) # 定义日志 logger1 = logging.Logger(‘s1‘, level=logging.ERROR) logger1.addHandler(file_1_1) logger1.addHandler(file_1_2) # 写日志 logger1.critical(‘1111‘)
# 定义文件 file_2_1 = logging.FileHandler(‘l2_1.log‘, ‘a‘) fmt = logging.Formatter() file_2_1.setFormatter(fmt) # 定义日志 logger2 = logging.Logger(‘s2‘, level=logging.INFO) logger2.addHandler(file_2_1)
如上述创建的两个日志对象
import os import logging from logging.handlers import TimedRotatingFileHandler base = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) logfile = os.path.join(base, ‘test‘, ‘testlog‘) handler = TimedRotatingFileHandler(filename=logfile, when=‘MIDNIGHT‘, interval=1, backupCount=365) handler.suffix = "%Y%m%d.log" handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(‘%(asctime)s\t%(levelname)-8s\t%(message)s‘)) handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) apipartnerlogger = logging.getLogger(logfile) apipartnerlogger.addHandler(handler) apipartnerlogger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
| shutil 模块 |
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中
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import shutil shutil.copyfileobj(open(‘old.xml‘,‘r‘), open(‘new.xml‘, ‘w‘)) |
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
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shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
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shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
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shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
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shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
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import shutil shutil.copy2(‘f1.log‘, ‘f2.log‘) |
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件夹
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import shutil shutil.copytree(‘folder1‘, ‘folder2‘, ignore=shutil.ignore_patterns(‘*.pyc‘, ‘tmp*‘)) |
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
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import shutil shutil.rmtree(‘folder1‘) |
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件，它类似mv命令，其实就是重命名。
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import shutil shutil.move(‘folder1‘, ‘folder3‘) |
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
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#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录import shutilret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", ‘gztar‘, root_dir=‘/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test‘) #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录import shutilret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", ‘gztar‘, root_dir=‘/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test‘) |
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：
import zipfile z = zipfile.ZipFile("ini.zip","w") z.write("ini") z.write("pip") z.close() #压缩包里追加内容（打开模式变为a） #z = zipfile.ZipFile("ini.zip","a") #z.write("db") z.close() #解压 z = zipfile.ZipFile("ini.zip","r") z.extractall() #解压全部 # z.extract("pip") #解压指定文件 z.close()
import tarfile #压缩 tar = tarfile.open("ini.zip","w") tar.add("S:\stud\ini",arcname="iiini.txt") #路径、重命名 tar.add("./pip",arcname="pip.log") tar.close() #解压 tar = tarfile.open("ini.zip","r") tar.extractall() #可设置解压地址 tar.close()
| subprocess |
可以执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有：
import commands result = commands.getoutput(‘cmd‘) result = commands.getstatus(‘cmd‘) result = commands.getstatusoutput(‘cmd‘)
以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现，并提供了更丰富的功能。
call
执行命令，返回状态码
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ret = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"], shell=False)ret = subprocess.call("ls -l", shell=True) |
check_call
执行命令，如果执行状态码是 0 ，则返回0，否则抛异常
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subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"])subprocess.check_call("exit 1", shell=True) |
check_output
执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常
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subprocess.check_output(["echo", "Hello World!"])subprocess.check_output("exit 1", shell=True) |
subprocess.Popen(...)
用于执行复杂的系统命令
参数：
import subprocess ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"]) ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)
终端输入的命令分为两种：
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd=‘/home/dev‘,)
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True) obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n") obj.stdin.write("print(2)") obj.stdin.close() cmd_out = obj.stdout.read() obj.stdout.close() cmd_error = obj.stderr.read() obj.stderr.close() print(cmd_out) print(cmd_error)
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True) obj.stdin.write("print(1)\n") obj.stdin.write("print(2)") out_error_list = obj.communicate() print(out_error_list)
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True) out_error_list = obj.communicate(‘print("hello")‘) print(out_error_list)
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- __author__ = ‘suoning‘ import argparse parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() parser.add_argument("echo", help="echo the String you ues here") parser.add_argument("num", help="echo the String you ues here", type=int) parser.add_argument("-v", "--version", help="--version", action="store_true") parser.add_argument("-c", help="all_count", action="count", default=95) args = parser.parse_args() print "Hello, %s." % args.echo if args.num > 9: print "The num ori is %s, *10 after change %s" % (args.num, args.num * 10) else: print "The num ori is %s, not change" % args.num if args.version: print "version 0.1.520" print args.c """ use: python me_argparse.py nick 10 -v -ccccc ret: Hello, nick. The num ori is 10, *10 after change 100 version 0.1.520 100 """
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- __author__ = ‘suoning‘ import smtplib from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart from email.mime.text import MIMEText me = ‘发送的邮箱@net263.com‘ you = ‘接收的邮箱@net263.com‘ try: s = smtplib.SMTP() s.connect(‘smtp.263.net‘) s.login(me, ‘me‘s password‘) msg = MIMEMultipart(‘alternative‘) msg[‘Subject‘] = "Alert 主题" msg[‘From‘] = me msg[‘To‘] = you html = ‘<html><body><p>Hi, I have the following alerts for you!</p></body></html>‘ part2 = MIMEText(html, ‘html‘) msg.attach(part2) s.sendmail(me, you, msg.as_string()) s.quit() except Exception, e: print e
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- __author__ = ‘suoning‘ import xlrd data = xlrd.open_workbook(‘F:\\message\\test.xlsx‘) # 获取一个工作表 # table = data.sheets()[0] # table = data.sheet_by_index(0) table = data.sheet_by_name(u‘Sheet1‘) # 获取行数和列数 nrows = table.nrows # nrows = table.ncols # 使用行列索引 cell_A1 = table.row(0)[0].value cell_A2 = table.col(1)[0].value print cell_A1, cell_A2 # 单元格 cell_C1 = table.cell(0, 0).value cell_C2 = table.cell(2, 1).value print cell_C1, cell_C2 for i in range(nrows): print table.row_values(i) # # 获取整行和整列的值(数组) # table.row_values(i) # table.col_values(i) # 写入 import xlsxwriter # 建立文件 workbook = xlsxwriter.Workbook(‘F:\\message\\test.xlsx‘) # 建立sheet， 可以work.add_worksheet(‘employee‘)来指定sheet名，但中文名会报UnicodeDecodeErro的错误 worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet() # 向A1写入 worksheet.write(‘A1‘, ‘Hello world‘) worksheet.write(‘B1‘, ‘2017-02-13‘) workbook.close()
JavaScript hashids实现的python端口。它从一个或多个数字生成类似于tubea的散列。当您不想向用户公开数据库id时使用hashids。
pip install hashids
>>> from hashids import Hashids >>> >>> Hashids().encode(5201314) ‘zpAmDO‘ >>> Hashids("suoning").encode(5201314) ‘QEgpxq‘ >>> >>> Hashids("suoning").encode(5201314) ‘QEgpxq‘ >>>
Encode a single integer:
hashid = hashids.encode(123) # ‘Mj3‘
Decode a hash:
ints = hashids.decode(‘xoz‘) # (456,)
To encode several integers, pass them all at once:
hashid = hashids.encode(123, 456, 789) # ‘El3fkRIo3‘
Decoding is done the same way:
ints = hashids.decode(‘1B8UvJfXm‘) # (517, 729, 185)
Using A Custom Salt
Hashids supports salting hashes by accepting a salt value. If you don’t want others to decode your hashes, provide a unique string to the constructor.
hashids = Hashids(salt=‘this is my salt 1‘)
hashid = hashids.encode(123) # ‘nVB‘
The generated hash changes whenever the salt is changed:
hashids = Hashids(salt=‘this is my salt 2‘)
hashid = hashids.encode(123) # ‘ojK‘
Controlling Hash Length
By default, hashes are going to be the shortest possible. One reason you might want to increase the hash length is to obfuscate how large the integer behind the hash is.
This is done by passing the minimum hash length to the constructor. Hashes are padded with extra characters to make them seem longer.
hashids = Hashids(min_length=16) hashid = hashids.encode(1) # ‘4q2VolejRejNmGQB‘ Using A Custom Alphabet
It’s possible to set a custom alphabet for your hashes. The default alphabet is ‘abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234567890‘.
To have only lowercase letters in your hashes, pass in the following custom alphabet:
hashids = Hashids(alphabet=‘abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz‘) hashid = hashids.encode(123456789) # ‘kekmyzyk‘Randomness
The primary purpose of hashids is to obfuscate ids. It’s not meant or tested to be used for security purposes or compression. Having said that, this algorithm does try to make these hashes unguessable and unpredictable:
Repeating numbers
There are no repeating patterns that might show that there are 4 identical numbers in the hash:
hashids = Hashids("this is my salt") hashids.encode(5, 5, 5, 5) # ‘1Wc8cwcE‘
The same is valid for incremented numbers:
hashids.encode(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) # ‘kRHnurhptKcjIDTWC3sx‘ hashids.encode(1) # ‘NV‘ hashids.encode(2) # ‘6m‘ hashids.encode(3) # ‘yD‘ hashids.encode(4) # ‘2l‘ hashids.encode(5) # ‘rD‘
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原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/chenyangqit/p/7259751.html
