參考：
http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_1_0/orm/tutorial.html#building-a-relationship
http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_1_0/orm/tutorial.html#working-with-related-objects

建立表之间带关系

建立外建

在address加入user的外键

from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey, Column, String, Integer
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship


class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘users‘

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String)
    fullname = Column(String)
    password = Column(String)


class Address(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘addresses‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    email_address = Column(String, nullable=False)
    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘users.id‘))
    user = relationship(‘User‘, backref=backref(‘addresses‘, order_by=id))

relationship中的backref參数使用形式：

backref="addresses" #直接使用表名的字符串
backref=backref(‘addresses‘) #使用backref函数
backref=backref(‘addresses‘, order_by=id)) #brackref函数能够加入參数，详见http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/rel_1_0/orm/backref.html#backref-arguments

能够使用user.addresses 从user获取address 和，使用address.users 虫address获取user

backref 会在User跟Address上都加上关系，它本质是：

from sqlalchemy import Integer, ForeignKey, String, Column
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

Base = declarative_base()

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘user‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String)

    addresses = relationship("Address", back_populates="user")

class Address(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘address‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    email = Column(String)
    user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘user.id‘))

    user = relationship("User", back_populates="addresses")

relationship中的

加入

>>> jack.addresses = [
...                 Address(email_address=‘jack@google.com‘),
...                 Address(email_address=‘j25@yahoo.com‘)]

获取

>>> jack.addresses[1]
<Address(email_address=‘j25@yahoo.com‘)>
>>> jack.addresses[1].user
<User(name=‘jack‘, fullname=‘Jack Bean‘, password=‘gjffdd‘)>

commit

session.add(jack)
session.commit()

address 会自己主动的加入

one to many 关系

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘parent‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship("Child", backref="parent")

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘child‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parent_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘parent.id‘))

many to one 关系

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘parent‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    child_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘child.id‘))
    child = relationship("Child", backref="parents")

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘child‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

one to one 关系

from sqlalchemy.orm import backref

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘parent‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    child_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘child.id‘))
    child = relationship("Child", backref=backref("parent", uselist=False))

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘child‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

many to many 关系

须要一个中间表和在relatonship 加入secondary參数

association_table = Table(‘association‘, Base.metadata,
    Column(‘left_id‘, Integer, ForeignKey(‘left.id‘)),
    Column(‘right_id‘, Integer, ForeignKey(‘right.id‘))
)

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘left‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship("Child",
                    secondary=association_table,
                    backref="parents")

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘right‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)

这样在child加入删除parent或者parent加入删除child时，无需对中间表进行操作。直接加入删除就可以。

parent.children.append(child)
child.parents.append(parent)

也能够 使用类来创建中间表，这样能够在中间表中保存一些其它的信息。可是就不能想前面一样自己主动对中间表进行操作。

class Association(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘association‘
    left_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘left.id‘), primary_key=True)
    right_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(‘right.id‘), primary_key=True)
    extra_data = Column(String(50))
    child = relationship("Child", back_populates="parents")
    parent = relationship("Parent", back_populates="children")

class Parent(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘left‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    children = relationship("Association", back_populates="parent")

class Child(Base):
    __tablename__ = ‘right‘
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    parents = relationship("Association", back_populates="child")

join 操作

能够使用Query.join()

>>> session.query(User).join(Address)....         filter(Address.email_address==‘jack@google.com‘)....         all()
[<User(name=‘jack‘, fullname=‘Jack Bean‘, password=‘gjffdd‘)>]

在User上能够直接使用join(Address) 由于仅仅有一个外建在User和Address之间，其它join形式：

query.join(Address, User.id==Address.user_id)    # explicit condition
query.join(User.addresses)                       # specify relationship from left to right
query.join(Address, User.addresses)              # same, with explicit target
query.join(‘addresses‘)                          # same, using a string

使用外链接

query.outerjoin(User.addresses)   # 默认是左外连接。

当query中有多个实体点使用，使用join默认join追左边的那个，
比如：

query = session.query(User, Address).join(User) # 报错
query = session.query(Address， User).join(User) # 正确

假设想自定使用join那个表。能够使用select_form

query = Session.query(User, Address).select_from(Address).join(User)

alias 别名

假设想join自己，能够使用别名

from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased

adalias1 = aliased(Address)
adalias2 = aliased(Address)

for username, email1, email2 in     session.query(User.name, adalias1.email_address, adalias2.email_address).    join(adalias1, User.addresses).    join(adalias2, User.addresses).    filter(adalias1.email_address==‘jack@google.com‘).    filter(adalias2.email_address==‘j25@yahoo.com‘):
    print(username, email1, email2)

使用子查询

直接看官方文档的样例：

>>> from sqlalchemy.sql import func
>>> stmt = session.query(Address.user_id, func.count(‘*‘)....         label(‘address_count‘))....         group_by(Address.user_id).subquery()
>>> for u, count in session.query(User, stmt.c.address_count)....     outerjoin(stmt, User.id==stmt.c.user_id).order_by(User.id):
...     print(u, count)
<User(name=‘ed‘, fullname=‘Ed Jones‘, password=‘f8s7ccs‘)> None
<User(name=‘wendy‘, fullname=‘Wendy Williams‘, password=‘foobar‘)> None
<User(name=‘mary‘, fullname=‘Mary Contrary‘, password=‘xxg527‘)> None
<User(name=‘fred‘, fullname=‘Fred Flinstone‘, password=‘blah‘)> None
<User(name=‘jack‘, fullname=‘Jack Bean‘, password=‘gjffdd‘)> 2

使用EXISTS

看官方文档的样例：

>>> from sqlalchemy.sql import exists
>>> stmt = exists().where(Address.user_id==User.id)
SQL>>> for name, in session.query(User.name).filter(stmt):
...     print(name)
jack

等价于：

>>> for name, in session.query(User.name)....         filter(User.addresses.any()):
...     print(name)
jack

user.addresses 能够像user中其它属性一样在filter使用==、!=、any等等。

query.filter(Address.user == someuser)
query.filter(Address.user != someuser)
query.filter(Address.user == None)
query.filter(User.addresses.contains(someaddress))

query.filter(User.addresses.any(Address.email_address == ‘bar‘))# also takes keyword arguments:
query.filter(User.addresses.any(email_address=‘bar‘))

query.filter(Address.user.has(name=‘ed‘))
session.query(Address).with_parent(someuser, ‘addresses‘)