Python基础5-常用模块

>>> import time
>>> time.clock()#返回处理器时间,3.3开始已废弃 , 改成了time.process_time()测量处理器运算时间,不包括sleep时间,不稳定,mac上测不出来
8.210571603573898e-07
>>> time.altzone#返回与utc时间的时间差,以秒计算
-32400
>>> time.asctime()#注意格式
‘Sat Aug  5 13:12:58 2017‘
>>> time.localtime()#返回本地时间 的struct time对象格式
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=5, tm_hour=13, tm_min=13, tm_sec=21, tm_wday=5, tm_yday=217, tm_isdst=0)

>>> time.gmtime(time.time()-800000)#返回utc时间的struc时间对象格式
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=26, tm_hour=23, tm_min=0, tm_sec=41, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=207, tm_isdst=0)

>>> time.asctime(time.localtime())
‘Sat Aug  5 13:14:59 2017‘
>>> time.ctime()
‘Sat Aug  5 13:15:22 2017‘

import time

string_2_struct = time.strptime("2017/06/06", "%Y/%m/%d")#将日期字符串 转换成struct时间对象格式
print(string_2_struct)

string_new = time.mktime(string_2_struct)#将struct时间对象转成时间戳
print(string_new)


result:
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=6, tm_mday=6, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=157, tm_isdst=-1)
1496678400.0

print(time.gmtime(time.time()-86640))#将utc时间戳转换成struct_time格式
print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",time.gmtime()))#将utc struct_time格式转成指定的字符串格式

　time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=4, tm_hour=5, tm_min=40, tm_sec=9, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=216, tm_isdst=0)
　2017-08-05 05:44:09

print(datetime.datetime.now())
print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(3))
print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(-3))
print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(hours=5))
print(datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=30))

c_time = datetime.datetime.now()
print(c_time)
print(c_time.replace(minute=10,hour=2))

2017-08-05 14:07:57.010701
2017-08-08 14:07:57.010701
2017-08-02 14:07:57.010701
2017-08-05 19:07:57.010701
2017-08-05 14:37:57.010701
2017-08-05 14:07:57.010701
2017-08-05 02:10:57.010701

import random

print(random.random())
print(random.randint(1,2))
print(random.randrange(1,10))

checkcode = ‘‘
for i in range(4):
    current = random.randrange(0,4)
    if current!= i:
        temp = chr(random.randrange(65,90))
    else:
        temp = random.randrange(0,9)
    checkcode +=str(temp)
print(checkcode)

print(os.getcwd())  #获取当前工作目录，即当前脚本工作目录路径

>>> os.chdir(r"c:\Users")  #切换路径
>>> os.getcwd()
‘c:\\Users‘

>>> os.curdir  #返回当前目录
‘.‘
>>> os.pardir  #返回当前目录的父级目录字符串
‘..‘

os.makedirs(‘dirname1/dirname2‘)   # 可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs(‘dirname1‘)   # 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推

os.mkdir(‘dirname‘)   # 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir(‘dirname‘)   # 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir(‘dirname‘)   # 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印
os.remove() # 删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname") # 重命名文件/目录
os.stat(‘path/filename‘) # 获取文件/目录信息
os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\r\n",Linux下为"\n"

os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串

os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->‘nt‘; Linux->‘posix‘

os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令，直接显示

os.environ  获取系统环境变量

os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径

os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回

os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素

os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素

os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False

os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径，返回True

os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False

os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False

os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略

os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间

os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间

import shutil

shutil.make_archive("D:\花房姑娘","zip","E:\\随便\\taylor")

shutil.make_archive("D:\花房姑娘1","zip")

#第一个填位置参数填文件名的话会保存在当前目录，同理后面的目录不填的话也会默认当前目录

import zipfile
z = zipfile.ZipFile(‘我就要回到老地方.zip‘, ‘w‘,)
z.write(‘view1.py‘)#要压缩的文件
z.write(‘view2.py‘)
z.close()

y = zipfile.ZipFile(‘我就要回到老地方.zip‘, ‘r‘)
y.extractall(‘D:\\‘)
y.close()

import tarfile
tar = tarfile.open(‘我想要走在老路上.tar‘,‘w‘)
tar.add(‘E:\\随便\\taylor‘)
tar.close()

#解压同理
tar = tarfile.open(‘your.tar‘,‘r‘)
tar.extractall()  # 可设置解压地址
tar.close()

#写入
import shelve
import time
d = shelve.open(‘我独自走过你身旁‘)

info = {‘age‘: 22,‘salary‘: 30000}
time = time.time()
name = [‘dandy‘,‘crystal‘,‘taylor‘]
d[‘name‘]=name
d[‘info‘]=info
d[‘time‘]=time
d.close()

#读取
import shelve
d = shelve.open(‘我独自走过你身旁‘)
print(d.get(‘name‘))
print(d.get(‘info‘))
print(d.get(‘time‘))

#读取xml，注意一下attrib跟text的输出内容跟格式
import xml.etree.cElementTree as ET

tree = ET.parse(‘xmlTest.xml‘)
root = tree.getroot()
print(root)  #返回内存地址
print(root.tag)  #返回最外层的data

#遍历xml文档
for child in root:
    print(child.tag, child.attrib)
    for i in child:
        print(i.tag,i.attrib, i.text)

#只遍历year节点
for year in root.iter(‘year‘):
    print(year.tag,year.text)

import xml.etree.cElementTree as ET

tree = ET.parse(‘xmlTest.xml‘)
root = tree.getroot()

#修改
for year in root.iter(‘year‘):
    new_year = int(year.text) + 1
    year.text = str(new_year)  # 复制
    year.set("upated","yes")  # 设置attribute
tree.write("xmlTest.xml")

#按条件删除
for country in root.findall(‘country‘):
    rank = int(country.find(‘rank‘).text)
    if rank >50:
        root.remove(country)
tree.write(‘你问我要去向何方.xml‘)

import xml.etree.cElementTree as ET

new_xml = ET.Element("namelist")#外层
List1 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"info",attrib={"enrolled": "yes"})#list1
name = ET.SubElement(List1,"name")
name.text = "dandy"
age = ET.SubElement(List1, "age", attrib={"checked": "no"})
sex = ET.SubElement(List1, "sex")
sex.text ="33"

List2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"info",attrib={"enrolled": "no"})#list2
name = ET.SubElement(List2,"name")
name.text = "Crystal"
age = ET.SubElement(List2, "age", attrib={"checked": "no"})
age.text = ‘19‘
salary = ET.SubElement(List2,"salary",attrib={"company":"Flex"})
salary.text = "30000"

et= ET.ElementTree(new_xml)#生成文档对象
et.write("你带我走进你的花房.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True)

ET.dump(new_xml)#打印生成的格式

<?xml version=‘1.0‘ encoding=‘utf-8‘?>
<namelist>
    <info enrolled="yes">
        <name>dandy</name>
        <age checked="no" />
        <sex>33</sex>
    </info>
    <info enrolled="no">
        <name>Crystal</name>
        <age checked="no">19</age>
        <salary company="Flex">30000</salary>
    </info>
</namelist>

import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()

config["Default"] = {‘ServerAliveInterval‘: 45,
                     ‘Compression‘:‘yes‘,
                     ‘CompressionLevel‘:‘9‘}

config[‘bitbucket.arg‘] = {}
config[‘bitbucket.arg‘][‘User‘] = ‘hg‘

config[‘topsecret.server.com‘] = {}
topsecret = config[‘topsecret.server.com‘]
topsecret[‘Host Port‘] = ‘50022‘
topsecret[‘ForwardX11‘] = ‘no‘

config[‘Default‘][‘ForwardX11‘] = ‘yes‘

with open(‘噢姑娘.ini‘, ‘w‘)as configfile:
    config.write(configfile)

import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read(‘噢姑娘.ini‘)
print(config.sections())

print(‘bitbucket.arg‘ in config)
print(config[‘bitbucket.arg‘][‘User‘])

topscret = config[‘topsecret.server.com‘]
print(topscret[‘forwardx11‘])

for key in config[‘Default‘]:
    print(key)

import configparser

config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config.read(‘噢姑娘.ini‘)

option = config.options(‘Default‘)
print(option)  #[‘serveraliveinterval‘, ‘compression‘, ‘compressionlevel‘, ‘forwardx11‘]

option1 = config.items(‘Default‘)
print(option1)  #[(‘serveraliveinterval‘, ‘45‘), (‘compression‘, ‘yes‘), (‘compressionlevel‘, ‘9‘), (‘forwardx11‘, ‘yes‘)]

#删除并写入文件
config.remove_section(‘bitbucket.arg‘)
config.write(open(‘噢姑娘2.ini‘, ‘w‘))

import hashlib
m = hashlib.md5()
m.update(b"hello")  # 16进制形式加密
m.update(b"It‘s me")
print(m.hexdigest())  # 会将2次update拼接
>>>>>>>:
64f69d95135bc13d4827f871b37f780f

import hmac
h = hmac.new(b‘天王盖地虎‘, b‘宝塔镇河妖‘.encode(encoding="utf-8"))
print(h.hexdigest())

import logging

logging.warning("this is a logging warnning test")
logging.critical("this is a logging critical test")

WARNING:root:this is a logging warnning test
CRITICAL:root:this is a logging critical test

import logging

logging.basicConfig(filename="example.log",level=logging.INFO)
logging.debug("This message should go to file log")
logging.info(‘this file need, too‘)
logging.warning(‘And this, too‘)

logging.basicConfig(filename=‘example.log‘,level=logging.INFO)

import logging

logging.basicConfig(filename="example.log",format="%(asctime)s %(message)s",datefmt="%m/%d%Y %I:%M:%S %p",level=logging.INFO)
logging.debug("This message should go to file log")
logging.info(‘this file need, too‘)
logging.warning(‘And this, too‘)

08/062017 02:55:29 PM this file need, too
08/062017 02:55:29 PM And this, too

#!/user/bin/env python
# -*-coding: utf-8-*-

import logging

# create logger
logger = logging.getLogger("test_log")
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

# create console handler and set level to debug
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)

# create file handler and set level to warning
fh = logging.FileHandler("噢姑娘.log")
fh.setLevel(logging.WARNING)

# create format
ch_format = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
fh_format = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")

# add formatter to ch and fh
ch.setFormatter(ch_format)
fh.setFormatter(fh_format)

# add ch and fh to logger
logger.addHandler(ch)
logger.addHandler(fh)

# code
logger.debug("Debug Message")
logger.info("Info Message")
logger.warning("Warning Message")
logger.error("Error Message")
logger.critical("Critical Message")

>>>>>(Screen:)
2017-08-06 15:58:56,936 - test_log - DEBUG - Debug Message
2017-08-06 15:58:56,936 - test_log - INFO - Info Message
2017-08-06 15:58:56,936 - test_log - WARNING - Warning Message
2017-08-06 15:58:56,936 - test_log - ERROR - Error Message
2017-08-06 15:58:56,936 - test_log - CRITICAL - Critical Message

>>>>>(File)
2017-08-06 15:58:56,936 - test_log - WARNING - Warning Message
2017-08-06 15:58:56,936 - test_log - ERROR - Error Message
2017-08-06 15:58:56,936 - test_log - CRITICAL - Critical Message

#根据文件大小
#!/user/bin/env python
# -*-coding: utf-8-*-

import logging
from logging import handlers

logger = logging.getLogger("TEST_LOG")

log_gile = "timelog.log"
fh = handlers.RotatingFileHandler(filename=log_gile,maxBytes=15,backupCount=3)
formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s  |  %(module)s  |  %(lineno)d  --%(message)s")
fh.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(fh)


logger.warning("Test warning !")
logger.warning("Test warning !")
logger.warning("Test warning !")
logger.warning("Test warning !")
logger.warning("Test warning !")

#根据时间设置截断
#!/user/bin/env python
# -*-coding: utf-8-*-

import logging
import time
from logging import handlers

logger = logging.getLogger("TEST_LOG")

log_gile = "timelog.log"
fh = handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(filename=log_gile,when="S",interval=5,backupCount=3)
formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s  |  %(module)s  |  %(lineno)d  --%(message)s")
fh.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(fh)


logger.warning("Test warning !")
time.sleep(4)
logger.warning("Test warning !")
logger.warning("Test warning !")
time.sleep(5)
logger.warning("Test warning !")
logger.warning("Test warning !")

‘.‘     默认匹配除\n之外的任意一个字符，若指定flag DOTALL,则匹配任意字符，包括换行

‘^‘     匹配字符开头，若指定flags MULTILINE,这种也可以匹配上(r"^a","\nabc\neee",flags=re.MULTILINE)

‘$‘     匹配字符结尾，或e.search("foo$","bfoo\nsdfsf",flags=re.MULTILINE).group()也可以

‘*‘     匹配*号前的字符0次或多次，re.findall("ab*","cabb3abcbbac")  结果为[‘abb‘, ‘ab‘, ‘a‘]

‘+‘     匹配前一个字符1次或多次，re.findall("ab+","ab+cd+abb+bba") 结果[‘ab‘, ‘abb‘]

‘?‘     匹配前一个字符1次或0次

‘{m}‘   匹配前一个字符m次

‘{n,m}‘ 匹配前一个字符n到m次，re.findall("ab{1,3}","abb abc abbcbbb") 结果‘abb‘, ‘ab‘, ‘abb‘]

‘|‘     匹配|左或|右的字符，re.search("abc|ABC","ABCBabcCD").group() 结果‘ABC‘

‘(...)‘ 分组匹配，re.search("(abc){2}a(123|456)c", "abcabca456c").group() 结果 abcabca456c

 

 

‘\A‘    只从字符开头匹配，re.search("\Aabc","alexabc") 是匹配不到的

‘\Z‘    匹配字符结尾，同$

‘\d‘    匹配数字0-9

‘\D‘    匹配非数字

‘\w‘    匹配[A-Za-z0-9]

‘\W‘    匹配非[A-Za-z0-9]

‘s‘     匹配空白字符、\t、\n、\r , re.search("\s+","ab\tc1\n3").group() 结果 ‘\t‘