【转】Java 集合系列04之 fail-fast总结(通过ArrayList来说明fail-fast的原理、解决办法)

private static List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();

private static List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();

package java.util;

public abstract class AbstractList<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements List<E> {

    ...

    // AbstractList中唯一的属性
    // 用来记录List修改的次数：每修改一次(添加/删除等操作)，将modCount+1
    protected transient int modCount = 0;

    // 返回List对应迭代器。实际上，是返回Itr对象。
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new Itr();
    }

    // Itr是Iterator(迭代器)的实现类
    private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
        int cursor = 0;

        int lastRet = -1;

        // 修改数的记录值。
        // 每次新建Itr()对象时，都会保存新建该对象时对应的modCount；
        // 以后每次遍历List中的元素的时候，都会比较expectedModCount和modCount是否相等；
        // 若不相等，则抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常，产生fail-fast事件。
        int expectedModCount = modCount;

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor != size();
        }

        public E next() {
            // 获取下一个元素之前，都会判断“新建Itr对象时保存的modCount”和“当前的modCount”是否相等；
            // 若不相等，则抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常，产生fail-fast事件。
            checkForComodification();
            try {
                E next = get(cursor);
                lastRet = cursor++;
                return next;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
                checkForComodification();
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            }
        }

        public void remove() {
            if (lastRet == -1)
                throw new IllegalStateException();
            checkForComodification();

            try {
                AbstractList.this.remove(lastRet);
                if (lastRet < cursor)
                    cursor--;
                lastRet = -1;
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
            }
        }

        final void checkForComodification() {
            if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
        }
    }

    ...
}

package java.util;

public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
        implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
{

    ...

    // list中容量变化时，对应的同步函数
    public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
        modCount++;
        int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
        if (minCapacity > oldCapacity) {
            Object oldData[] = elementData;
            int newCapacity = (oldCapacity * 3)/2 + 1;
            if (newCapacity < minCapacity)
                newCapacity = minCapacity;
            // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
        }
    }


    // 添加元素到队列最后
    public boolean add(E e) {
        // 修改modCount
        ensureCapacity(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
        elementData[size++] = e;
        return true;
    }


    // 添加元素到指定的位置
    public void add(int index, E element) {
        if (index > size || index < 0)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
            "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size);

        // 修改modCount
        ensureCapacity(size+1);  // Increments modCount!!
        System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
             size - index);
        elementData[index] = element;
        size++;
    }

    // 添加集合
    public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
        Object[] a = c.toArray();
        int numNew = a.length;
        // 修改modCount
        ensureCapacity(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
        System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
        size += numNew;
        return numNew != 0;
    }
   

    // 删除指定位置的元素 
    public E remove(int index) {
        RangeCheck(index);

        // 修改modCount
        modCount++;
        E oldValue = (E) elementData[index];

        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // Let gc do its work

        return oldValue;
    }


    // 快速删除指定位置的元素 
    private void fastRemove(int index) {

        // 修改modCount
        modCount++;
        int numMoved = size - index - 1;
        if (numMoved > 0)
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                             numMoved);
        elementData[--size] = null; // Let gc do its work
    }

    // 清空集合
    public void clear() {
        // 修改modCount
        modCount++;

        // Let gc do its work
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
            elementData[i] = null;

        size = 0;
    }

    ...
}

package java.util.concurrent;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
import sun.misc.Unsafe;

public class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>
    implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {

    ...

    // 返回集合对应的迭代器
    public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return new COWIterator<E>(getArray(), 0);
    }

    ...
   
    private static class COWIterator<E> implements ListIterator<E> {
        private final Object[] snapshot;

        private int cursor;

        private COWIterator(Object[] elements, int initialCursor) {
            cursor = initialCursor;
            // 新建COWIterator时，将集合中的元素保存到一个新的拷贝数组中。
            // 这样，当原始集合的数据改变，拷贝数据中的值也不会变化。
            snapshot = elements;
        }

        public boolean hasNext() {
            return cursor < snapshot.length;
        }

        public boolean hasPrevious() {
            return cursor > 0;
        }

        public E next() {
            if (! hasNext())
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            return (E) snapshot[cursor++];
        }

        public E previous() {
            if (! hasPrevious())
                throw new NoSuchElementException();
            return (E) snapshot[--cursor];
        }

        public int nextIndex() {
            return cursor;
        }

        public int previousIndex() {
            return cursor-1;
        }

        public void remove() {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        public void set(E e) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }

        public void add(E e) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }
  
    ...

}