一、type()函数
判断基本数据类型可以直接写int
,str
等:
1 >>> class Animal(object): 2 ... pass 3 ... 4 >>> type(123) 5 <class ‘int‘> 6 >>> type(‘123‘) 7 <class ‘str‘> 8 >>> type(None) 9 <class ‘NoneType‘> 10 >>> type(abs) 11 <class ‘builtin_function_or_method‘> 12 >>> type(Animal()) 13 <class ‘__main__.Animal‘>
1 >>> type(123) == type(456) 2 True 3 >>> type(123) == int 4 True
判断一个对象是否是函数:
1 >>> import types 2 >>> def fn(): 3 ... pass 4 ... 5 >>> type(fn)==types.FunctionType 6 True 7 >>> type(abs)==types.BuiltinFunctionType 8 True 9 >>> type(lambda x: x)==types.LambdaType 10 True 11 >>> type((x for x in range(10)))==types.GeneratorType 12 True
二、isinstance()函数
对于class的继承关系来说,使用type()
就很不方便。如果要判断class的类型,可以使用isinstance()
函数。
1 >>> class Animal(object): 2 ... pass 3 ... 4 >>> class Dog(Animal): 5 ... pass 6 ... 7 >>> d = Dog() 8 >>> isinstance(d, Dog) 9 True 10 >>> isinstance(d, Animal) 11 True
用isinstance()判断基本类型:
1 >>> isinstance(‘a‘, str) 2 True 3 >>> isinstance(123, int) 4 True 5 >>> isinstance(b‘a‘, bytes) 6 True
并且还可以判断一个变量是否是某些类型中的一种,比如下面的代码就可以判断是否是list或者tuple:
1 >>> isinstance([1, 2, 3], (list, tuple)) 2 True 3 >>> isinstance((1, 2, 3), (list, tuple)) 4 True
优先使用isinstance()判断类型,可以将指定类型及其子类“一网打尽”。
三、dir()函数
如果要获得一个对象的所有属性和方法,可以使用dir()
函数,它返回一个包含字符串的list,比如,获得一个str对象的所有属性和方法:
>>> dir(‘abc‘) [‘__add__‘, ‘__class__‘, ‘__contains__‘, ‘__delattr__‘, ‘__dir__‘, ‘__doc__‘, ‘__eq__‘, ‘__format__‘, ‘__ge__‘, ‘__getattribute__‘, ‘__getitem__‘, ‘__getnewargs__‘, ‘__gt__‘, ‘__hash__‘, ‘__init__‘, ‘__iter__‘, ‘__le__‘, ‘__len__‘, ‘__lt__‘, ‘__mod__‘, ‘__mul__‘, ‘__ne__‘, ‘__new__‘, ‘__reduce__‘, ‘__reduce_ex__‘, ‘__repr__‘, ‘__rmod__‘, ‘__rmul__‘, ‘__setattr__‘, ‘__sizeof__‘, ‘__str__‘, ‘__subclasshook__‘, ‘capitalize‘, ‘casefold‘, ‘center‘, ‘count‘, ‘encode‘, ‘endswith‘, ‘expandtabs‘, ‘find‘, ‘format‘, ‘format_map‘, ‘index‘, ‘isalnum‘, ‘isalpha‘, ‘isdecimal‘, ‘isdigit‘, ‘isidentifier‘, ‘islower‘, ‘isnumeric‘, ‘isprintable‘, ‘isspace‘, ‘istitle‘, ‘isupper‘, ‘join‘, ‘ljust‘, ‘lower‘, ‘lstrip‘, ‘maketrans‘, ‘partition‘, ‘replace‘, ‘rfind‘, ‘rindex‘, ‘rjust‘, ‘rpartition‘, ‘rsplit‘, ‘rstrip‘, ‘split‘, ‘splitlines‘, ‘startswith‘, ‘strip‘, ‘swapcase‘, ‘title‘, ‘translate‘, ‘upper‘, ‘zfill‘]
列表中类似__xxx__
的属性和方法在Python中都是有特殊用途的,比如__len__
方法返回长度。在Python中,如果你调用len()
函数试图获取一个对象的长度,实际上,在len()
函数内部,它自动去调用该对象的__len__()
方法,所以,下面的代码是等价的:
1 >>> len(‘abc‘) 2 3 3 >>> ‘abc‘.__len__() 4 3
自己写的类,如果也想用len(myObj)
的话,就自己写一个__len__()
方法:
1 >>> class MyDog(object): 2 ... def __len__(self): 3 ... return 100 4 ... 5 >>> dog = MyDog() 6 >>> len(dog) 7 100
列表中剩下的都是普通属性或方法,比如lower()
返回小写的字符串:
1 >>> ‘abc‘.upper() 2 ‘ABC‘
四、getattr()
、setattr()
以及hasattr()
测试该对象的属性:
1 >>> class MyObject(object): 2 ... def __init__(self): 3 ... self.x = 9 4 ... def power(self): 5 ... return self.x * self.x 6 ... 7 >>> obj = MyObject() 8 >>> hasattr(obj, ‘x‘) 9 True 10 >>> hasattr(obj, ‘y‘) 11 False 12 >>> 13 >>> setattr(obj, ‘y‘, 20) 14 >>> hasattr(obj, ‘y‘) 15 True 16 >>> getattr(obj, ‘y‘) 17 20 18 >>> getattr(obj, ‘z‘) 19 Traceback (most recent call last): 20 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> 21 AttributeError: ‘MyObject‘ object has no attribute ‘z‘ 22 >>> getattr(obj, ‘z‘, 100) # 指定默认值 23 100
测试该对象的方法:
1 >>> hasattr(obj, ‘power‘) 2 True 3 >>> getattr(obj, ‘power‘) 4 <bound method MyObject.power of <__main__.MyObject object at 0x1014be400>> 5 >>> fn = getattr(obj, ‘power‘) 6 >>> fn 7 <bound method MyObject.power of <__main__.MyObject object at 0x1014be400>> 8 >>> fn() 9 81