Django框架，urls.py模块，views.py模块，路由映射与路由分发以及逻辑处理——url控制器
这一节主讲url控制器
一、urls.py模块
这个模块是配置路由映射的模块，当用户访问一个url地址时，通过这个路由映射模块，映射给对应的逻辑处理函数
urlpatterns等于的一个列表，列表里的一个元素就是一条路由映射
urlpatterns路由映射配置方式
参数说明：
一个正则表达式字符串
一个可调用对象，通常为一个视图函数或一个指定视图函数路径的字符串
可选的要传递给视图函数的默认参数（字典形式）
一个可选的name参数
urlpatterns = [
url(正则表达式, 映射函数，参数[可选]，别名[可选]),
]
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls,{‘a‘:‘123‘},‘ADMIN‘),
]
如：
"""Xiangmu URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^$‘, views.home, name=‘home‘)
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^$‘, Home.as_view(), name=‘home‘)
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^blog/‘, include(‘blog.urls‘))
"""
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls), #系统生成的映射
#注意里面的任意一条映射匹配成功，后面的则不在匹配
url(r‘^articles/2003/$‘, views.special_case_2003), #表示articles/2003/这个路径映射views模块的special_case_2003函数
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/$‘, views.year_archive), #表示2003可以是0-9的任意4个数字
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$‘, views.month_archive), #表示匹配二级目录
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$‘, views.article_detail), #表示匹配三级目录
]
二、views.py模块，路由映射的函数模块，逻辑处理路由映射的需求
注意：自定义映射函数时，有两个重点
HttpResponse(字符串)方法向用户返回字符串
1，定义的函数必须，定义一个形式参数，这个形式参数接收的url请求信息对象，可以通过这个形式参数的各种方法获取到各种请求信息
2，向用户返回信息，必须在函数结尾return，如果是要给用户返回一串字符串，那就必须返回HttpResponse方法，参数是要返回的字符串，需要先导入这个方法
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request):
print(request.method) #获取用户请求的路径
return HttpResponse(‘你好‘)
最后测试一下
浏览器输入：http://127.0.0.1:8000/articles/2003/
逻辑处理时获取用户访问路径
逻辑处理自定义函数的第二个参数，就是接收用户请求路径的，所以需要自定义形式参数来接收
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request,name):
print(request.method) #获取用户请求的路径
print(name) #打印路径
return HttpResponse(name) #将路径返回到页面
注意：要获取路径时，需要在路由映射哪里用正则的分组()号，将要获取的路径分组，也就是括起来，如果路由映射里有多个分组，逻辑函数就需要多个形式参数接收
"""Xiangmu URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^$‘, views.home, name=‘home‘)
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^$‘, Home.as_view(), name=‘home‘)
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^blog/‘, include(‘blog.urls‘))
"""
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls), #系统生成的映射
url(r‘^(articles/2003)/$‘, views.special_case_2003), #表示articles/2003/这个路径映射views模块的special_case_2003函数
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/$‘, views.year_archive), #表示2003可以是0-9的任意4个数字
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$‘, views.month_archive), #表示匹配二级目录
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$‘, views.article_detail), #表示匹配三级目录
]
上面我们讲到的是自定义形式参数接收访问路径，下面我们讲设置固定形式参数
逻辑处理函数，接收用户访问路径时设置固定形式参数，
需要在路由映射里设置，逻辑函数接收的参数名称?P<year>
路由映射
"""Xiangmu URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^$‘, views.home, name=‘home‘)
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^$‘, Home.as_view(), name=‘home‘)
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^blog/‘, include(‘blog.urls‘))
"""
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls), #系统生成的映射
url(r‘^(?P<year>articles/2003)/$‘, views.special_case_2003), #表示articles/2003/这个路径映射views模块的special_case_2003函数
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/$‘, views.year_archive), #表示2003可以是0-9的任意4个数字
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$‘, views.month_archive), #表示匹配二级目录
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$‘, views.article_detail), #表示匹配三级目录
]
逻辑处理
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request,year):
print(year)
return render(request,‘index.html‘)
逻辑处理返回html文件
将HTML文件放到templates文件夹，逻辑处理的时候会自动到这个文件夹搜索相应文件
需要先导入render方法
render(用户请求对象，html文件路径名称)方法,向用户返回html文件内容
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request,name):
return render(request,‘index.html‘)
整个流程
路由映射
"""Xiangmu URL Configuration
The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
1. Add an import: from my_app import views
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^$‘, views.home, name=‘home‘)
Class-based views
1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^$‘, Home.as_view(), name=‘home‘)
Including another URLconf
1. Import the include() function: from django.conf.urls import url, include
2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: url(r‘^blog/‘, include(‘blog.urls‘))
"""
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls), #系统生成的映射
url(r‘^(articles/2003)/$‘, views.special_case_2003), #表示articles/2003/这个路径映射views模块的special_case_2003函数
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/$‘, views.year_archive), #表示2003可以是0-9的任意4个数字
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$‘, views.month_archive), #表示匹配二级目录
# url(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$‘, views.article_detail), #表示匹配三级目录
]
逻辑处理
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special_case_2003(request,name):
return render(request,‘index.html‘)
整个流程图
上面讲的，都是通过全局里的urls.py模块路由映射的，如果网站很大有很多个app应用，那么就需要路由分发，每一个app应用负责一个业务
路由分发
过个全局里的urls.py模块，配置路由分发，将制定的路径分发到指定的app应用里的urls.py模块里路由映射
全局urls.py模块路由分发
首先要在全局urls.py模块引入
from django.conf.urls import include, url
include(‘app1.urls‘)函数，设置要分发的路由映射路径名称
全局urls.py模块路由分发
from django.conf.urls import include, url
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘^bug‘, include(‘app1.urls‘)), #将访问路径以bug开头的路径分发到app1下的urls.py模块里进行路由映射
]
app1.py路由映射
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘articles/‘, views.special), #表示接收全局的路由分发，做路由映射，映射到views下的special函数处理
]
views.py逻辑处理
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special(request):
return render(request,‘index.html‘) #向用户显示一个html页面
路由映射第三个参数，额外传参，字典方式，逻辑处理函数以参数方式接收字典键
路由映射
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘articles/‘, views.special,{‘anme‘:1234}) #路由映射第三个参数，额外传参，字典方式，逻辑处理函数以参数方式接收字典键
]
逻辑处理
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def special(request,anme):
print(anme) #接收路由映射的额外传参字典的键
return render(request,‘index.html‘) #向用户显示一个html页面
注意：如果额外参数，如果写在全局的路由分发里，那么这个路由分发下的所有路由映射函数都可以获取到
路由映射第四个参数，给路由映射的路径取一个别名，这个别名代指的就是路由映射路径，
from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin
from app1 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r‘articles/‘, views.special,{‘anme‘:1234},name=‘luj‘) #路由映射第三个参数，额外传参，字典方式，逻辑处理函数以参数方式接收字典键
]
最终url控制器流程图
