标签:unique duplicate ati test show ima war ceshi 使用
本文是我学习老男孩老师的Mysql DBA 高级运维课程的学习笔记,老男孩老师讲的很好,非常感谢老男孩老师。刚刚接触运维有很多不懂得知识,如果我发表的文章有不正确的地方,请运维行业的精英,老师及时指点,呵呵~ 后面我还会更新自己学习ysql DBA 高级运维课程的学习笔记。9.9.7 为表的字段创建索引
索引就像书的目录一样,如果在字段上建立索引,那么以索引为条件时可以加快查询数据的速度。
9.9.7.1 创建主键索引
查询数据库的内容,按主键查询是最快的,每个表只能有一个主键,但是可以有多个普通索引列,主键列要求所有内容必须唯一,而索引列不要求内容唯一。
我们无论建立主键索引还是普通索引,都要在表的对应列上创建,可以对单列创建索引也可以对多列创建索引
建立主键索方法:
1.在创建表时,可以增加建立主键索引语句
system@ceshi 04:0932->create table student(
-> id int(4) not null AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name char(20) not null,
-> age tinyint(2) NOT NULL default ‘0‘,
-> dept varchar(16) default NULL,
-> primary key(id),
-> KEY index_name(name)
-> );
提示:
a.AUTO_INCREMENT 自增
b.Primary key(id) 主键
c.KEY index_name(name) name 字段普通索引
操作演示
system@ceshi 04:2146->drop table student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
system@ceshi 04:2333->create table student(
-> id int(4) not null AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name char(20) not null,
-> age tinyint(2) NOT NULL default ‘0‘,
-> dept varchar(16) default NULL,
-> primary key(id),
-> KEY index_name(name)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
system@ceshi 04:2609->desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id| int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL| auto_increment |
| name | char(20)| NO | MUL | NULL||
| age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 ||
| dept | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL||
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
提示:PRI为主键的标识,MUL为普通索引的标识。
2.建立表之后通过alter命令增加主键索引(不推荐这种做法)
a.主键列不能重复创建,必须先删除上面的配置
system@ceshi 04:3716->alter table student drop primary key;
b.建表时忘记加主键了利用alter命令增加id列为自增主键列
system@ceshi 04:5948->alter table student change id id int primary key auto_increment;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
system@ceshi 05:0324->desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id| int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL| auto_increment |
| name | char(20)| NO | MUL | NULL||
| age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 ||
| dept | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL||
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
提示:只有int类型且为primary key才可以使用auto_increment。
9.9.7.2 创建普通索引
1.在建表时,可以增加建立普通索引列的语句如下:
system@ceshi 04:0932->create table student(
-> id int(4) not null AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name char(20) not null,
-> age tinyint(2) NOT NULL default ‘0‘,
-> dept varchar(16) default NULL,
-> primary key(id),
-> KEY index_name(name)
-> );
提示:
a.KEY index_name(name)name 字段普通索引
操作演示:
system@ceshi 04:2146->drop table student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
system@ceshi 04:2333->create table student(
-> id int(4) not null AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name char(20) not null,
-> age tinyint(2) NOT NULL default ‘0‘,
-> dept varchar(16) default NULL,
-> primary key(id),
-> KEY index_name(name)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
system@ceshi 04:2609->desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id| int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL| auto_increment |
| name | char(20)| NO | MUL | NULL||
| age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 ||
| dept | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL||
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.建表后利用alter增加普通索引
删除建表时创建的index_name索引
system@ceshi 05:0333->alter table student drop index index_name;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
system@ceshi 06:0419->desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id| int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL| auto_increment |
| name | char(20)| NO | | NULL||
| age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 ||
| dept | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL||
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在name列上添加索引,索引名为index_name
system@ceshi 06:0431->alter table student add index index_name(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
system@ceshi 06:0456->desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id| int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL| auto_increment |
| name | char(20)| NO | MUL | NULL||
| age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 ||
| dept | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL||
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
9.9.7.3 对字段的前n个字符创建普通索引
当遇到表中比较大的列时,列内容的前n个字符在所有内容中已经接近唯一时,这时可以对列的前n个字符建立索引而无需对整个列建立索引,这样可以节省创建索引占用的系统空间,以及降低和更新维护消耗的系统资源。
对字段的前n个字符创建索引的语法:
Create index index_name on test(name(8)); 条件列前n个字符创建索引
实战操作:
system@ceshi 06:0838->create index index_dept on student(dept(8));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
system@ceshi 06:3650->desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id| int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL| auto_increment |
| name | char(20)| NO | MUL | NULL||
| age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 ||
| dept | varchar(16) | YES | MUL | NULL||
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
system@ceshi 06:3847->show index from student\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: student
Non_unique: 0
Key_name: PRIMARY
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: id
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Table: student
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: index_name
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: name
Collation: A
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Table: student
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: index_dept
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: dept
Collation: A
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: 8
Packed: NULL
Null: YES
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
9.9.7.4 为表的多个字段创建联合索引
如果查询的条件是多列时,我们可以为多个查询的列创建联合索引,甚至可以为多列的前n个字符创建联合索引,实战演示如下:
为多个列创建索引
system@ceshi 06:4019->create index ind_name_dept on student(name,dept);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
system@ceshi 06:4726->show index from student\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: student
Non_unique: 0
Key_name: PRIMARY
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: id
Collation: A
Cardinality: 0
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Table: student
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: index_name
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: name
Collation: A
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 3. row ***************************
Table: student
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: index_dept
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: dept
Collation: A
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: 8
Packed: NULL
Null: YES
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 4. row ***************************
Table: student
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: ind_name_dept
Seq_in_index: 1
Column_name: name
Collation: A
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null:
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
*************************** 5. row ***************************
Table: student
Non_unique: 1
Key_name: ind_name_dept
Seq_in_index: 2
Column_name: dept
Collation: A
Cardinality: NULL
Sub_part: NULL
Packed: NULL
Null: YES
Index_type: BTREE
Comment:
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以对多个列的前n个字符创建联合索引,实战演示如下:
system@ceshi 06:5144->drop index ind_name_dept on student; 删除索引的另一种方法。
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
system@ceshi 06:5158->create index ind_name_dept on student(name(8),dept(10));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
提示:
按条件列查询数据时,联合索引是有前缀生效特性的
Index(a,b,c)仅a,ab,abc三个查询条件可以走索引。b,bc,ac,c不能走索引
9.9.7.5 创建唯一索引(非主键索引)
Create unique index index_age on student(age);
唯一索引是用来约束表的内容的,不能重复。
system@ceshi 07:0828->create unique index uni_ind_name on student(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
system@ceshi 07:1010->desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type| Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id| int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL| auto_increment |
| name | char(20)| NO | UNI | NULL||
| age | tinyint(2) | NO | | 0 ||
| dept | varchar(16) | YES | MUL | NULL||
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
9.9.7.6 索引表的创建及生效条件
问题1:既然索引可以加快查询速度,那么是不是就要给所有的列创建索引呢?
解答:因为索引你不但占用系统空间,更新数据库时还需要维护索引数据。因此索引是一把双刃剑,并不是越多越好,例如:数十到几百行的小表上无需创建索引,更新频繁,读取少的业务要少建立索引。
问题2:需要在哪些列上创建索引呢?
解答:Select user,host from mysql.user where host= ….索引一定要创建在where后的条件列上,而不是select后的选择数据的列上,另外我们要尽量选择在唯一值多的大表上建立索引。创建索引要和开发商量。
9.9.7.7 创建索引命令集合小结
1.创建索引相关命令集合
创建主键索引
alter table student change id id int primary key auto_increment;
删除主键索引
alter table student drop primary key
创建普通索引
alter table student add index index_dept(dept(8))
根据列的前n个字符创建索引
create index index_dept on student(dept(8))
根据多个列创建联合索引
create index ind_name_dept on student(name,dept);
根据多个列的前n个字符创建索引
create index ind_name_dept on student(name(8),dept(10));
删除普通索引
Alter table student drop index index_dept
drop index ind_name_dept on student
创建唯一索引
create unique index uni_ind_name on student(name);
基本索引:
a.要在表的列上创建索引。
b.索引会加快查询速度,但是会影响更新的速度,因为要维护索引。
c.索引不是越多越好,要在频繁查询的where后的条件列上创建索引。
d.小表或唯一值极少的列上不建索引,要在大表以及不同内容多的列上创建索引。
Mysql DBA 高级运维学习笔记-索引知识及创建索引的多种方法实战
标签:unique duplicate ati test show ima war ceshi 使用
原文地址:http://blog.51cto.com/10642812/2065746