--复制mysql.server文件到/etc/init.d/下并改名为mysql
[root@zlm mysql]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysql
cp: overwrite `/etc/init.d/mysql‘? yes
--启动MySQL
[root@zlm mysql]# service mysql start
Starting MySQL...............The server quit without updating PID file (/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/zlm.pid). [FAILED]
--查看错误日志error.log（如未在/etc/my.cnf中定义，默认格式为hostname.err）
[root@zlm local]# cd /data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/
[root@zlm data]# ll
total 403024
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 2824 Sep 24 00:13 error.log
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 104857600 Sep 24 00:13 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 104857600 Sep 24 00:13 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 104857600 Sep 24 00:13 ib_logfile1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 97685504 Sep 24 00:13 ib_logfile2
drwx------ 2 mysql root 4096 Sep 24 00:12 mysql
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Sep 24 00:12 performance_schema
drwx------ 2 mysql root 4096 Sep 24 00:12 test
[root@zlm data]# cat error.log
140924 00:13:33 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /data/mysql/mysql_3306/data
140924 0:13:33 [Warning] options --log-slow-admin-statements, --log-queries-not-using-indexes and --log-slow-slave-statements have no effect if --log_slow_queries is not set
140924 0:13:33 [Warning] Using unique option prefix myisam_recover instead of myisam-recover-options is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the full name instead.
140924 0:13:33 [Note] Plugin ‘FEDERATED‘ is disabled.
140924 0:13:33 InnoDB: The InnoDB memory heap is disabled
140924 0:13:33 InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use InnoDB‘s own implementation
140924 0:13:33 InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.3
140924 0:13:33 InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
140924 0:13:33 InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, size = 128.0M
140924 0:13:33 InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
InnoDB: The first specified data file ./ibdata1 did not exist:
InnoDB: a new database to be created!
140924 0:13:33 InnoDB: Setting file ./ibdata1 size to 100 MB
InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...
InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100
140924 0:13:40 InnoDB: Log file ./ib_logfile0 did not exist: new to be created
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile0 size to 100 MB
InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...
InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100
140924 0:13:43 InnoDB: Log file ./ib_logfile1 did not exist: new to be created
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile1 size to 100 MB
InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...
InnoDB: Progress in MB: 100
140924 0:13:44 InnoDB: Log file ./ib_logfile2 did not exist: new to be created
InnoDB: Setting log file ./ib_logfile2 size to 100 MB
InnoDB: Database physically writes the file full: wait...
InnoDB: Progress in MB:140924 0:13:45 InnoDB: Error: Write to file ./ib_logfile2 failed at offset 0 97517568.
InnoDB: 1048576 bytes should have been written, only 167936 were written.
InnoDB: Operating system error number 2.
InnoDB: Check that your OS and file system support files of this size.
InnoDB: Check also that the disk is not full or a disk quota exceeded.
InnoDB: Error number 2 means ‘No such file or directory‘.
InnoDB: Some operating system error numbers are described at
InnoDB: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/operating-system-error-codes.html
InnoDB: Error in creating ./ib_logfile2: probably out of disk space
140924 0:13:45 [ERROR] Plugin ‘InnoDB‘ init function returned error.
140924 0:13:45 [ERROR] Plugin ‘InnoDB‘ registration as a STORAGE ENGINE failed.
140924 0:13:45 [ERROR] Unknown/unsupported storage engine: InnoDB
140924 0:13:45 [ERROR] Aborting
140924 0:13:45 [Note] /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld: Shutdown complete
140924 00:13:45 mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/zlm.pid ended
[root@zlm data]# perror 2 --perror是用于查询Linux错误代码的命令
OS error code 2: No such file or directory
[root@zlm data]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
7.7G 7.3G 0 100% / --磁盘空间使用率100%，没有剩余空间了
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
--关机添加磁盘
[root@zlm data]# init 0
[root@zlm ~]# rm -rf /data --先删除掉现有的/data目录中全部数据，因为重新挂载后也会丢失的，提前先释放掉这部分空间
[root@zlm ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 1305 10377990 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes --增加了1个5G的磁盘
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdb doesn‘t contain a valid partition table --还未分区
--对新添加的磁盘分区
[root@zlm ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won‘t be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-652, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-652, default 652):
Using default value 652
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
--查看磁盘信息
[root@zlm ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 1305 10377990 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 652 5237158+ 83 Linux --分完区了
--格式化ext3文件系统
[root@zlm ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
655360 inodes, 1309289 blocks
65464 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1342177280
40 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information:
done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 21 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@zlm ~]# mkdir /data/mysql/mysql_3306/{data,logs,tmp} -p
[root@zlm ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data
[root@zlm ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
7.7G 6.9G 398M 95% / --可以看到，重启完以后又释放了一部分空间
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 82M 13% /boot
tmpfs 506M 0 506M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sdb1 5.0G 139M 4.6G 3% /data --/data目录已经挂载到新增的5G磁盘上去了
--为了使挂载持久化，重启后依然不会丢失，需要修改/etc/fstab
[root@zlm ~]# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 / ext3 defaults 1 1
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap swap defaults 0 0
/data /dev/sdb1 ext3 defaults 0 0 --在文件末尾加入这一行，指定挂载的目录与磁盘的对应关系
--重新创建/data下面的相关目录
[root@zlm ~]# cd /data/
[root@zlm data]# ll
total 1
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Sep 24 00:32 lost+found
[root@zlm data]# rm -rf lost+found
[root@zlm data]# ll
total 0
[root@zlm data]# mkdir /data/mysql/mysql_3306/{data,logs,tmp} -p
--重新赋权限后初始化数据库
[root@zlm mysql]# pwd
/usr/local/mysql
[root@zlm mysql]# chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql/
[root@zlm mysql]# ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf
注意必须是先给/data目录赋予权限后再初始化，否则会报错，因为/data目录是重新创建并挂载到sdb1磁盘分区上的
如：
Installation of system tables failed! Examine the logs in
/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data for more information.
--再次重启MySQL服务
[root@zlm mysql]# service mysql start
Starting MySQL........... [ OK ]
[root@zlm mysql]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.39-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.
(testing)root@localhost [(none)]> exit
Bye
[root@zlm mysql]# ps aux|grep mysql
root 2744 0.4 0.1 4528 1276 pts/0 S 00:54 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data --pid-file=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/zlm.pid
mysql 3452 3.2 3.4 319580 35472 pts/0 Sl 00:55 0:03 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin
--user=mysql --log-error=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/error.log --open-files-limit=8192 --pid-file=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/zlm.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root 3493 0.0 0.0 3912 672 pts/0 R+ 00:56 0:00 grep mysql
[root@zlm mysql]# mysqladmin shutdown
[root@zlm mysql]# ps aux|grep mysql
root 3501 0.0 0.0 3912 668 pts/0 R+ 00:56 0:00 grep mysql
[root@zlm mysql]#
第2种启动方式：
[root@zlm mysql]# /etc/init.d/mysql start
Starting MySQL...... [ OK ]
[root@zlm mysql]#
第3种启动方式：
[root@zlm mysql]# mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf &
[1] 4612
[root@zlm mysql]# Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /data/mysql/mysql_3306/data
STOPPING server from pid file /data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/zlm.pid
140924 01:09:02 mysqld ended
这里启动失败了，查看error.log，提示说xxx参数设置得不合理，如：
[root@zlm mysql]# cat error.log
140924 01:03:00 mysqld started
140924 1:03:00 [ERROR] /usr/libexec/mysqld: unknown variable ‘slow_query_log_file=slow.log‘
140924 01:03:00 mysqld ended
140924 01:04:54 mysqld started
140924 1:04:54 [ERROR] /usr/libexec/mysqld: unknown variable ‘slow_query_log=0‘
140924 01:04:54 mysqld ended
140924 01:05:39 mysqld started
Unknown suffix ‘.‘ used for variable ‘long_query_time‘ (value ‘0.5‘)
140924 1:05:39 [ERROR] /usr/libexec/mysqld: Error while setting value ‘0.5‘ to ‘long_query_time‘
140924 01:05:39 mysqld ended
140924 01:06:26 mysqld started
140924 1:06:26 [ERROR] /usr/libexec/mysqld: unknown variable ‘min_examined_row_limit=100‘
140924 01:06:26 mysqld ended
140924 01:09:02 mysqld started
140924 1:09:02 [ERROR] /usr/libexec/mysqld: unknown variable ‘general_log_file=general.log‘
140924 01:09:02 mysqld ended
造成这个问题的原因其实是我之前在安装RHEL 5.3操作系统的时候，选了系统盘里自带的那个mysql-5.0.45-7.el5 rpm包引起的，即便已经删除掉了。这个rpm包安装后会拷贝mysqld到/usr/libexec/目录下，很多在MySQL 5.5中可以识别的参数，在MySQL 5.0中是不认的，所以造成启动失败，一直提示"unknown
variable"，比方说以下这些：
table_definition_cache
table_open_cache
slow_query_log_file
slow_query_log
long_query_time
min_examined_row_limit
...
解决办法：
--用新版本的mysqld可执行文件去覆盖掉原来/usr/libexec下的mysqld以后，就能用mysqld_safe & 的方式启动了
[root@zlm mysql]# cp /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld /usr/libexec/mysqld
cp: overwrite `/usr/libexec/mysqld‘? yes
[root@zlm mysql]# mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf &
[1] 4687 Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /data/mysql/mysql_3306/data
这里会一直停在这一行，按ctrl+c可以重新返回到shell命令行
--查看mysql进程
[root@zlm mysql]# ps aux|grep mysql
root 4687 0.0 0.1 4484 1152 pts/0 S 01:10 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf
mysql 4721 0.0 3.1 329828 32704 pts/0 Sl 01:10 0:00 /usr/libexec/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data
--user=mysql --pid-file=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/zlm.pid --skip-external-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
root 4768 0.0 0.0 3912 668 pts/0 R+ 01:25 0:00 grep mysql
可以看到，用mysqld_safe方式，也已经启动成功了，注意，用这种方式启动，比单纯用mysqld方式启动要更佳，即使去kill掉mysqld的进程后，mysqld_safe可以保证mysqld进程重启
[root@zlm mysql]# ps aux | grep mysql
root 5134 0.5 0.1 4484 1152 pts/0 S 01:32 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf
mysql 5171 2.4 3.1 319584 32708 pts/0 Sl 01:32 0:00 /usr/libexec/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data
--user=mysql --pid-file=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/zlm.pid --skip-external-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
root 5193 0.0 0.0 3912 668 pts/0 R+ 01:32 0:00 grep mysql
[root@zlm mysql]# kill -9 5171
[root@zlm mysql]# /usr/bin/mysqld_safe: line 388: 5171 Killed nohup /usr/libexec/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data
--user=mysql --pid-file=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/zlm.pid --skip-external-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock >> error.log 2>&1
Number of processes running now: 0
140924 01:32:54 mysqld restarted
按ctrl+c返回到shell命令行
[root@zlm mysql]# ps -ef | grep mysql
root 5134 2531 0 01:32 pts/0 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf
mysql 5205 5134 0 01:32 pts/0 00:00:00 /usr/libexec/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data
--user=mysql --pid-file=/data/mysql/mysql_3306/data/zlm.pid --skip-external-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
root 5229 2531 0 01:33 pts/0 00:00:00 grep mysql
mysqld_safe进程依然还是5134，但刚才被kill掉的mysqld进程5171已经变成5205这个新的进程了，其实mysqld_safe就是mysqld的守护进程，用来保证mysqld的正常运行的，当我们执行mysqld_safe &来启动MySQL的时候，其实最终还是去调用mysqld这个命令的
