标签：python基础知识
1.mac下给python3安装requests库和scrapy库https://blog.csdn.net/u011413922/article/details/78026866
pip3 install requests
pip3 install Scrapy #注意S大写
两种安装方式 https://blog.csdn.net/cighao/article/details/47860041
最新安装步骤：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_36305327/article/details/60144614
2.重启
https://blog.csdn.net/wen_1108/article/details/78682578
3.最新版的下载地址
http://www.pc6.com/mac/170572.html
requests：https://pypi.org/project/requests/。 安装方式多样。。。
4.mac版本的切换
https://blog.csdn.net/blue_zy/article/details/69568240
pycharm切换python版本：https://blog.csdn.net/sgfmby1994/article/details/77876873
5.基础知识
1>中文编码
1>#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
print "你好，世界";
同时idea File Encoding需要设置
2>交互式编程 脚本式编程
独有的标识符和保留字
多行语句\ 注释# 多引号、单引号、三引号的使用 空行 python -h
3>运算符、条件表达式、循环表达式、break、continue、pass
4>变量类型：字符串、Number、原祖、字典（json）、日期时间、列表（数组）
5>函数
def 函数名（参数列表）:
函数体
在 python 中，strings, tuples, 和 numbers 是不可更改的对象，而 list,dict 等则是可以修改的对象。 list、dict参数->指针
默认参数：def printinfo( name, age = 35 ):
不定长参数：
#!/usr/bin/python3
# 可写函数说明
def printinfo( arg1, *vartuple ):
"打印任何传入的参数"
print ("输出: ")
print (arg1)
for var in vartuple:
print (var)
return
# 调用printinfo 函数
printinfo( 10 )
printinfo( 70, 60, 50 )
匿名函数：lambda [arg1 [,arg2,.....argn]]:expression
变量的作用域：L--->E--->G--->B Python 中只有模块（module），类（class）以及函数（def、lambda）才会引入新的作用域，其它的代码块（如 if/elif/else/、try/except、for/while等）是不会引入新的作用域的
global 和 nonlocal关键字:
num = 1
def fun1():
global num # 需要使用 global 关键字声明
print(num)
num = 123
print(num)
fun1()
print(num)
def outer():
num = 10
def inner():
nonlocal num # nonlocal关键字声明
num = 100
print(num)
inner()
print(num)
outer()
6>模块
7>文件io操作。file操作文件open seek tell read write等方法，os操作目录
8>支持对异常的处理
9>时间的处理
获取时间戳：ticks = time.time()
时间元组：time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=5, tm_mday=7, tm_hour=10, tm_min=19, tm_sec=50, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=127, tm_isdst=0)
日期的转换：
print (time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime()))
print (time.strftime("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y", time.localtime()))
print (time.mktime(time.strptime(a,"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y")))
元祖tuple：tup1 = (50,） tup1 = ('Google', 'Runoob', 1997, 2000);
访问元祖：print ("tup1[0]: ", tup1[0]) print ("tup2[1:5]: ", tup2[1:5])
元组元素不可修改，但是可以进组合
# 以下修改元组元素操作是非法的。
# tup1[0] = 100
# 创建一个新的元组
tup3 = tup1 + tup2;
print (tup3)
删除元组：del tup；
元祖运算符：len + *（复制） in for in
10>保留字
['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']
11>import
将整个模块(somemodule)导入，格式为： import somemodule
从某个模块中导入多个函数,格式为： from somemodule import firstfunc, secondfunc, thirdfunc
将某个模块中的全部函数导入，格式为： from somemodule import *
12>迭代器和生成器
迭代器：
list=[1,2,3,4]
it = iter(list) # 创建迭代器对象
for x in it:
print (x, end=" ")
生成器：自定义的迭代器
import sys
def fibonacci(n): # 生成器函数 - 斐波那契
a, b, counter = 0, 1, 0
while True:
if (counter > n):
return
yield a
a, b = b, a + b
counter += 1
f = fibonacci(10) # f 是一个迭代器，由生成器返回生成
while True:
try:
print (next(f), end=" ")
except StopIteration:
sys.exit()
6.操作mysql
面向对象、可以创建一个类
1>连接mysql数据库 PyMysql(python3)
安装PyMysql，链接mysql的库
import pymysql
db = pymysql.connect("localhost","root","root","jiqi" )
cursor = db.cursor()
cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")
data = cursor.fetchone()
print ("Database version : %s " % data)
db.close()
2>创建表：
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )
# 使用 cursor() 方法创建一个游标对象 cursor
cursor = db.cursor()
# 使用 execute() 方法执行 SQL，如果表存在则删除
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
# 使用预处理语句创建表
sql = """CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
AGE INT,
SEX CHAR(1),
INCOME FLOAT )"""
cursor.execute(sql）
# 关闭数据库连接
db.close()
3>数据库插入操作：
import pymysql
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
# SQL 插入语句
sql = """INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME,
LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)
VALUES ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)"""
try:
# 执行sql语句
cursor.execute(sql)
# 提交到数据库执行
db.commit()
except:
# 如果发生错误则回滚
db.rollback()
# 关闭数据库连接
db.close()
4>数据查询操作：
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
# SQL 查询语句
sql = "SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE \
WHERE INCOME > '%d'" % (1000)
try:
# 执行SQL语句
cursor.execute(sql)
# 获取所有记录列表
results = cursor.fetchall()
for row in results:
fname = row[0]
lname = row[1]
age = row[2]
sex = row[3]
income = row[4]
# 打印结果
print ("fname=%s,lname=%s,age=%d,sex=%s,income=%d" % \
(fname, lname, age, sex, income ))
except:
print ("Error: unable to fetch data")
# 关闭数据库连接
db.close()
5>数据库更新操作：
import pymysql
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
# SQL 更新语句
sql = "UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE = AGE + 1 WHERE SEX = '%c'" % ('M')
try:
# 执行SQL语句
cursor.execute(sql)
# 提交到数据库执行
db.commit()
except:
# 发生错误时回滚
db.rollback()
# 关闭数据库连接
db.close()
6>删除操纵
import pymysql
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect("localhost","testuser","test123","TESTDB" )
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标
cursor = db.cursor()
# SQL 删除语句
sql = "DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE > '%d'" % (20)
try:
# 执行SQL语句
cursor.execute(sql)
# 提交修改
db.commit()
except:
# 发生错误时回滚
db.rollback()
# 关闭连接
db.close()
7.网络编程
服务器端口：
# 导入 socket、sys 模块
import socket
import sys
# 创建 socket 对象
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# 获取本地主机名
host = socket.gethostname()
# 设置端口好
port = 9999
# 连接服务，指定主机和端口
s.connect((host, port))
# 接收小于 1024 字节的数据
msg = s.recv(1024)
s.close()
print (msg.decode('utf-8'))
客户端端口：
# 导入 socket、sys 模块
import socket
import sys
# 创建 socket 对象
serversocket = socket.socket(
socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# 获取本地主机名
host = socket.gethostname()
port = 9999
# 绑定端口号
serversocket.bind((host, port))
# 设置最大连接数，超过后排队
serversocket.listen(5)
while True:
# 建立客户端连接
clientsocket, addr = serversocket.accept()
print("连接地址: %s" % str(addr))
msg = '欢迎访问菜鸟教程！' + "\r\n"
clientsocket.send(msg.encode('utf-8'))
clientsocket.close()
8.多线程
创建多线程
import _thread
import time
# 为线程定义一个函数
def print_time( threadName, delay):
count = 0
while count < 5:
time.sleep(delay)
count += 1
print ("%s: %s" % ( threadName, time.ctime(time.time()) ))
# 创建两个线程
try:
_thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-1", 2, ) )
_thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-2", 4, ) )
except:
print ("Error: 无法启动线程")
while 1:
pass
使用 threading 模块创建线程
import threading
import time
exitFlag = 0
class myThread (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self):
print ("开始线程：" + self.name)
print_time(self.name, self.counter, 5)
print ("退出线程：" + self.name)
def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):
while counter:
if exitFlag:
threadName.exit()
time.sleep(delay)
print ("%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())))
counter -= 1
# 创建新线程
thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)
# 开启新线程
thread1.start()
thread2.start()
thread1.join()
thread2.join()
print ("退出主线程")
线程的同步：
class myThread (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self):
print ("开启线程： " + self.name)
# 获取锁，用于线程同步
threadLock.acquire()
print_time(self.name, self.counter, 3)
# 释放锁，开启下一个线程
threadLock.release()
def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):
while counter:
time.sleep(delay)
print ("%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time())))
counter -= 1
threadLock = threading.Lock()
threads = []
# 创建新线程
thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)
# 开启新线程
thread1.start()
thread2.start()
# 添加线程到线程列表
threads.append(thread1)
threads.append(thread2)
# 等待所有线程完成
for t in threads:
t.join()
print ("退出主线程")
线程的优先级队列：
import queue
import threading
import time
exitFlag = 0
class myThread (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, q):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.q = q
def run(self):
print ("开启线程：" + self.name)
process_data(self.name, self.q)
print ("退出线程：" + self.name)
def process_data(threadName, q):
while not exitFlag:
queueLock.acquire()
if not workQueue.empty():
data = q.get()
queueLock.release()
print ("%s processing %s" % (threadName, data))
else:
queueLock.release()
time.sleep(1)
threadList = ["Thread-1", "Thread-2", "Thread-3"]
nameList = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"]
queueLock = threading.Lock()
workQueue = queue.Queue(10)
threads = []
threadID = 1
# 创建新线程
for tName in threadList:
thread = myThread(threadID, tName, workQueue)
thread.start()
threads.append(thread)
threadID += 1
# 填充队列
queueLock.acquire()
for word in nameList:
workQueue.put(word)
queueLock.release()
# 等待队列清空
while not workQueue.empty():
pass
# 通知线程是时候退出
exitFlag = 1
# 等待所有线程完成
for t in threads:
t.join()
print ("退出主线程")
9.xml解析
dom解析
#!/usr/bin/python3
from xml.dom.minidom import parse
import xml.dom.minidom
# 使用minidom解析器打开 XML 文档
DOMTree = xml.dom.minidom.parse("movies.xml")
collection = DOMTree.documentElement
if collection.hasAttribute("shelf"):
print ("Root element : %s" % collection.getAttribute("shelf"))
# 在集合中获取所有电影
movies = collection.getElementsByTagName("movie")
# 打印每部电影的详细信息
for movie in movies:
print ("*****Movie*****")
if movie.hasAttribute("title"):
print ("Title: %s" % movie.getAttribute("title"))
type = movie.getElementsByTagName('type')[0]
print ("Type: %s" % type.childNodes[0].data)
format = movie.getElementsByTagName('format')[0]
print ("Format: %s" % format.childNodes[0].data)
rating = movie.getElementsByTagName('rating')[0]
print ("Rating: %s" % rating.childNodes[0].data)
description = movie.getElementsByTagName('description')[0]
print ("Description: %s" % description.childNodes[0].data)
sax解析：
#!/usr/bin/python3
import xml.sax
class MovieHandler( xml.sax.ContentHandler ):
def __init__(self):
self.CurrentData = ""
self.type = ""
self.format = ""
self.year = ""
self.rating = ""
self.stars = ""
self.description = ""
# 元素开始调用
def startElement(self, tag, attributes):
self.CurrentData = tag
if tag == "movie":
print ("*****Movie*****")
title = attributes["title"]
print ("Title:", title)
# 元素结束调用
def endElement(self, tag):
if self.CurrentData == "type":
print ("Type:", self.type)
elif self.CurrentData == "format":
print ("Format:", self.format)
elif self.CurrentData == "year":
print ("Year:", self.year)
elif self.CurrentData == "rating":
print ("Rating:", self.rating)
elif self.CurrentData == "stars":
print ("Stars:", self.stars)
elif self.CurrentData == "description":
print ("Description:", self.description)
self.CurrentData = ""
# 读取字符时调用
def characters(self, content):
if self.CurrentData == "type":
self.type = content
elif self.CurrentData == "format":
self.format = content
elif self.CurrentData == "year":
self.year = content
elif self.CurrentData == "rating":
self.rating = content
elif self.CurrentData == "stars":
self.stars = content
elif self.CurrentData == "description":
self.description = content
if ( __name__ == "__main__"):
# 创建一个 XMLReader
parser = xml.sax.make_parser()
# 关闭命名空间
parser.setFeature(xml.sax.handler.feature_namespaces, 0)
# 重写 ContextHandler
Handler = MovieHandler()
parser.setContentHandler( Handler )
parser.parse("movies.xml")
标签：python基础知识
原文地址：http://blog.51cto.com/13496382/2113434
