标签:检查 工具包 图片 index attrs png return set 举例
Python的方法主要有3个,即静态方法(staticmethod),类方法(classmethod)和实例方法
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def foo(x): print "executing foo(%s)" % (x) class A( object ): def foo( self ,x): print "executing foo(%s,%s)" % ( self ,x) @classmethod def class_foo( cls ,x): print "executing class_foo(%s,%s)" % ( cls ,x) @staticmethod def static_foo(x): print "executing static_foo(%s)" % x a = A() |
这个self和cls是对类或者实例的绑定,对于一般的函数来说我们可以这么调用foo(x)
,这个函数就是最常用的,它的工作跟任何东西(类,实例)无关.对于实例方法,我们知道在类里每次定义方法的时候都需要绑定这个实例,就是foo(self, x)
,为什么要这么做呢?因为实例方法的调用离不开实例,我们需要把实例自己传给函数,调用的时候是这样的a.foo(x)
(其实是foo(a, x)
).类方法一样,只不过它传递的是类而不是实例,A.class_foo(x)
.注意这里的self和cls可以替换别的参数,但是python的约定是这俩,还是不要改的好.
对于静态方法其实和普通的方法一样,不需要对谁进行绑定,唯一的区别是调用的时候需要使用a.static_foo(x)
或者A.static_foo(x)
来调用.
\ | 实例方法 | 类方法 | 静态方法 |
---|---|---|---|
a = A() | a.foo(x) | a.class_foo(x) | a.static_foo(x) |
A | 不可用 | A.class_foo(x) | A.static_foo(x) |
类的普通方法
class Animal(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
def intro(self):
print(‘there is a %s‘%(self.name))
cat = Animal(‘cat‘)
cat.intro()
class Animal(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@staticmethod
def intro(self):
print(‘there is a %s‘%(self.name))
cat = Animal(‘cat‘)
cat.intro()
使用场景举例:python内置方法os中的方法,可以直接使用的工具包,跟类没关系。
class Animal(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@classmethod
def intro(self):
print(‘there is a %s‘%(self.name))
cat = Animal(‘cat‘)
cat.intro()
如果换成
class Animal(object):
name = ‘cat‘
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@classmethod
def intro(self):
print(‘there is a %s‘%(self.name))
cat = Animal(‘cat‘)
cat.intro()
结论:类方法只能调用类变量,不能调用实例变量
属性方法@property 把一个方法变为(伪装成)类属性。因为类属性的实质是一个类变量,用户可以调用变量就可以修改变量。某些特定场景要限制用户行为,就用到静态方法。
@property广泛应用在类的定义中,可以让调用者写出简短的代码,同时保证对参数进行必要的检查,这样,程序运行时就减少了出错的可能性。(摘自廖雪峰的博客)
class Animal(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@property
def intro(self,food):
print(‘there is a %s eating %s‘%(self.name,food))
cat = Animal(‘cat‘)
cat.intro()
cat.intro
class Animal(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
@property
def intro(self):
print(‘there is a %s eating %s‘%(self.name,food))
@intro.setter
def intro(self,food):
pass
cat = Animal(‘cat‘)
cat.intro
class Singleton(object): instance = None def __init__(self): raise SyntaxError(‘can not instance, please use get_instance‘) @staticmethod def get_instance(): if Singleton.instance is None: Singleton.instance = object.__new__(Singleton) return Singleton.instance a = Singleton.get_instance() b = Singleton.get_instance() print(‘a id=‘, id(a)) print(‘b id=‘, id(b))该方法的要点是在__init__抛出异常,禁止通过类来实例化,只能通过静态get_instance函数来获取实例;因为不能通过类来实例化,所以静态get_instance函数中可以通过父类object.__new__来实例化。
class Singleton(object): instance = None def __init__(self): raise SyntaxError(‘can not instance, please use get_instance‘) @classmethod def get_instance(cls): if Singleton.instance is None: Singleton.instance = object.__new__(Singleton) return Singleton.instance a = Singleton.get_instance() b = Singleton.get_instance() print(‘a id=‘, id(a)) print(‘b id=‘, id(b))该方法的要点是在__init__抛出异常,禁止通过类来实例化,只能通过静态get_instance函数来获取实例;因为不能通过类来实例化,所以静态get_instance函数中可以通过父类object.__new__来实例化。
class Singleton(object): instance = None def __init__(self): raise SyntaxError(‘can not instance, please use get_instance‘) def get_instance(): if Singleton.instance is None: Singleton.instance = object.__new__(Singleton) return Singleton.instance a = Singleton.get_instance() b = Singleton.get_instance() print(id(a)) print(id(b))该方法的要点是在__init__抛出异常,禁止通过类来实例化,只能通过静态get_instance函数来获取实例;因为不能通过类来实例化,所以静态get_instance函数中可以通过父类object.__new__来实例化。
常见的方法, 代码如下:
class Singleton(object): instance = None def __new__(cls, *args, **kw): if not cls.instance: # cls.instance = object.__new__(cls, *args) cls.instance = super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kw) return cls.instance a = Singleton() b = Singleton() print(id(a)) print(id(b))
代码如下:
def Singleton(cls): instances = {} def getinstance(): if cls not in instances: instances[cls] = cls() return instances[cls] return getinstance @Singleton class MyClass: pass a = MyClass() b = MyClass() c = MyClass() print(id(a)) print(id(b)) print(id(c))
class Singleton(type): def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct): super(Singleton, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct) cls.instance = None def __call__(cls, *args): if cls.instance is None: cls.instance = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args) return cls.instance class MyClass(object): __metaclass__ = Singleton a = MyClass() b = MyClass() c = MyClass() print(id(a)) print(id(b)) print(id(c)) print(a is b) print(a is c)或者:
class Singleton(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs): attrs["_instance"] = None return super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs) def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls._instance is None: cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs) return cls._instance class Foo(object): __metaclass__ = Singleton x = Foo() y = Foo() print(id(x)) print(id(y))
class Singleton(type): def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs): attrs[‘instance‘] = None return super(Singleton, cls).__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs) def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if cls.instance is None: cls.instance = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs) return cls.instance class Foo(metaclass=Singleton): pass x = Foo() y = Foo() print(id(x)) print(id(y))
class Singleton(object): def foo(self): print(‘foo‘) def __call__(self): return self Singleton = Singleton() Singleton.foo() a = Singleton() b = Singleton() print(id(a)) print(id(b))
python-静态方法staticmethod、类方法classmethod、属性方法property
标签:检查 工具包 图片 index attrs png return set 举例
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/klb561/p/9302185.html