java源码之HashMap和HashTable的异同

以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashTable

* @author  Arthur van Hoff
* @author  Josh Bloch
* @author  Neal Gafter

以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashMap

 * @author  Doug Lea
 * @author  Josh Bloch
 * @author  Arthur van Hoff
 * @author  Neal Gafter

以下代码及注释来自java.util.Dictionary

 * <strong>NOTE: This class is obsolete.  New implementations should
 * implement the Map interface, rather than extending this class.</strong>

以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashTable

 public synchronized boolean contains(Object value) {
     if (value == null) {
         throw new NullPointerException();
     }

     Entry tab[] = table;
     for (int i = tab.length ; i-- > 0 ;) {
         for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[i] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
             if (e.value.equals(value)) {
                 return true;
             }
         }
     }
     return false;
 }

 public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
     return contains(value);
 }

以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashTable

public synchronized V put(K key, V value) {

    // 如果value为null，抛出NullPointerException
    if (value == null) {
        throw new NullPointerException();
    }

    // 如果key为null，在调用key.hashCode()时抛出NullPointerException

    // ...
}


以下代码及注释来自java.util.HasMap

public V put(K key, V value) {
    if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
        inflateTable(threshold);
    }
    // 当key为null时，调用putForNullKey特殊处理
    if (key == null)
        return putForNullKey(value);
    // ...
}

private V putForNullKey(V value) {
    // key为null时，放到table[0]也就是第0个bucket中
    for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
        if (e.key == null) {
            V oldValue = e.value;
            e.value = value;
            e.recordAccess(this);
            return oldValue;
        }
    }
    modCount++;
    addEntry(0, null, value, 0);
    return null;
}

以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashTable

/**
 * The hash table data.
 */
private transient Entry<K,V>[] table;


以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashMap

/**
 * The table, resized as necessary. Length MUST Always be a power of two.
 */
transient Entry<K,V>[] table = (Entry<K,V>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;

以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashTable

// 哈希表默认初始大小为11
public Hashtable() {
    this(11, 0.75f);
}

protected void rehash() {
    int oldCapacity = table.length;
    Entry<K,V>[] oldMap = table;

    // 每次扩容为原来的2n+1
    int newCapacity = (oldCapacity << 1) + 1;
    // ...
}


以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashMap

// 哈希表默认初始大小为2^4=16
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16

void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
    // 每次扩充为原来的2n 
    if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
       resize(2 * table.length);
}

以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashTable

// hash 不能超过Integer.MAX_VALUE 所以要取其最小的31个bit
int hash = hash(key);
int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;

// 直接计算key.hashCode()
private int hash(Object k) {
    // hashSeed will be zero if alternative hashing is disabled.
    return hashSeed ^ k.hashCode();
}


以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashMap
int hash = hash(key);
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);

// 在计算了key.hashCode()之后，做了一些位运算来减少哈希冲突
final int hash(Object k) {
    int h = hashSeed;
    if (0 != h && k instanceof String) {
        return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
    }

    h ^= k.hashCode();

    // This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by
    // constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded
    // number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor).
    h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
    return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
}

// 取模不再需要做除法
static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
    // assert Integer.bitCount(length) == 1 : "length must be a non-zero power of 2";
    return h & (length-1);
}

以下代码及注释来自java.util.HashTable

public synchronized V get(Object key) {
    Entry tab[] = table;
    int hash = hash(key);
    int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
    for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
        if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
            return e.value;
        }
    }
    return null;
}

public Set<K> keySet() {
    if (keySet == null)
        keySet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new KeySet(), this);
    return keySet;
}

If a thread-safe implementation is not needed, it is recommended to use HashMap in place of Hashtable. If a thread-safe highly-concurrent implementation is desired, then it is recommended to use java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap in place of Hashtable.