并发编程重点:
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并发编程:线程、进程、队列、IO多路模型 操作系统工作原理介绍、线程、进程演化史、特点、区别、互斥锁、信号、 事件、join、GIL、进程间通信、管道、队列。 生产者消息者模型、异步模型、IO多路复用模型、select\poll\epoll 高性 能IO模型源码实例解析、高并发FTP server开发 |
1、请写一个包含10个线程的程序,主线程必须等待每一个子线程执行完成之后才结束执行,每一个子线程执行的时候都需要打印当前线程名、当前活跃线程数量;
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from threading import Thread,currentThread,activeCount import time def task(n): print ( ‘线程名:%s----%s‘ % (currentThread().name,n)) time.sleep( 1 ) print ( ‘数量:%s‘ % activeCount()) if __name__ = = "__main__" : t_li = [] for i in range ( 10 ): t = Thread(target = task,args = (i,)) t.start() t_li.append(t) for t in t_li: t.join() print ( ‘主,end----‘ ) |
2、请写一个包含10个线程的程序,并给每一个子线程都创建名为"name"的线程私有变量,变量值为“james”;
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from threading import Thread def task(name): print ( ‘%s is running‘ % name) print ( ‘end ---‘ ) if __name__ = = "__main__" : for i in range ( 10 ): t = Thread(target = task,args = ( ‘james_%s‘ % i,)) t.start() print ( ‘主 end ---‘ ) |
3、请使用协程写一个消费者生产者模型;
协程知识点:https://www.cnblogs.com/wj-1314/p/9040121.html
协程:单线程下,无法利用多核,可以是一个程序开多个进程,每个进程开启多个线程,每隔线程开启协程;
协程指的是单个线程,因而一旦协程出现阻塞,将会阻塞整个线程。
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def consumer(): while True : x = yield print ( ‘消费:‘ , x) def producter(): c = consumer() next (c) for i in range ( 10 ): print ( ‘生产:‘ , i) c.send(i) producter() |
4、写一个程序,包含十个线程,子线程必须等待主线程sleep 10秒钟之后才执行,并打印当前时间;
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from threading import Thread,Event import time import datetime def task(): # while not event.is_set(): # print(‘...‘) print ( ‘...‘ ) event.wait( 10 ) print ( ‘time:‘ ,datetime.datetime.now()) if __name__ = = ‘__main__‘ : event = Event() for i in range ( 10 ): t = Thread(target = task) t.start() time.sleep( 10 ) event. set () |
5、写一个程序,包含十个线程,同时只能有五个子线程并行执行;
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from threading import Thread,Semaphore,currentThread import time def task(n): sm.acquire() print ( ‘%s---‘ % n,currentThread().name) time.sleep( 1 ) print ( ‘end----‘ ) sm.release() if __name__ = = ‘__main__‘ : sm = Semaphore( 5 ) for i in range ( 10 ): t = Thread(target = task,args = (i,)) t.start() |
6、写一个程序 ,包含一个名为hello的函数,函数的功能是打印字符串“Hello, World!”,该函数必须在程序执行30秒之后才开始执行(不能使用time.sleep());
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from threading import Timer def hello(name): print ( ‘%s say ‘ % name, ‘Hello World!‘ ) if __name__ = = "__main__" : t = Timer( 5 ,hello,args = ( ‘james‘ ,)) t.start() |
7、写一个程序,利用queue实现进程间通信;
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from multiprocessing import Process,Queue,current_process import time def consumer(q): while True : res = q.get() if not res: break print ( ‘消费了:‘ ,res, ‘--‘ ,current_process().name) def producter(q): for i in range ( 5 ): print ( ‘生产:‘ ,i) time.sleep( 1 ) q.put(i) if __name__ = = "__main__" : q = Queue() p1 = Process(target = producter,args = (q,)) c1 = Process(target = consumer,args = (q,)) c2 = Process(target = consumer,args = (q,)) p1.start() c1.start() c2.start() p1.join() q.put( None ) q.put( None ) print ( ‘主‘ ) # JoinableQueue from multiprocessing import Process,JoinableQueue,current_process import time def consumer(q): while True : res = q.get() print ( ‘消费了:‘ ,res, ‘--‘ ,current_process().name) q.task_done() def producter(q): for i in range ( 5 ): print ( ‘生产:‘ ,i, ‘--‘ ,current_process().name) time.sleep( 1 ) q.put(i) q.join() if __name__ = = "__main__" : q = JoinableQueue() p1 = Process(target = producter,args = (q,)) p2 = Process(target = producter, args = (q,)) c1 = Process(target = consumer,args = (q,)) c2 = Process(target = consumer,args = (q,)) p1.start() p2.start() c1.daemon = True c2.daemon = True c1.start() c2.start() p1.join() p2.join() print ( ‘主‘ ) |
8、写一个程序,利用pipe实现进程间通信;
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from multiprocessing import Process,Pipe def task(conn): conn.send( ‘hello world‘ ) conn.close() if __name__ = = "__main__" : parent_conn,child_conn = Pipe() p = Process(target = task,args = (child_conn,)) p.start() p.join() print (parent_conn.recv()) |
9、使用selectors模块创建一个处理客户端消息的服务器程序;
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# server blocking IO import socket server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM) server.bind(( ‘127.0.0.1‘ , 8080 )) server.listen( 5 ) while True : conn,addr = server.accept() print (addr) while True : try : data = conn.recv( 1024 ) if not data: break conn.send(data.upper()) except Exception as e: print (e) break # server IO多路复用 selectors 会根据操作系统选择select poll epoll import socket import selectors sel = selectors.DefaultSelector() def accept(server_fileobj,mask): conn,addr = server_fileobj.accept() print (addr) sel.register(conn,selectors.EVENT_READ,read) def read(conn,mask): try : data = conn.recv( 1024 ) if not data: print ( ‘closing..‘ ,conn) sel.unregister(conn) conn.close() return conn.send(data.upper()) except Exception: print ( ‘closeing...‘ ,conn) sel.unregister(conn) conn.close() server_fileobj = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM) server_fileobj.bind(( ‘127.0.0.1‘ , 8080 )) server_fileobj.listen( 5 ) server_fileobj.setblocking( False ) sel.register(server_fileobj,selectors.EVENT_READ,accept) while True : events = sel.select() for sel_obj,mask in events: callback = sel_obj.data callback(sel_obj.fileobj,mask) # client # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import socket client = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM) client.connect(( ‘127.0.0.1‘ , 8080 )) while True : msg = input ( ‘>>>:‘ ).strip() if not msg: continue client.send(msg.encode( ‘utf-8‘ )) data = client.recv( 1024 ) print (data.decode( ‘utf-8‘ )) |
10、使用socketserver创建服务器程序时,如果使用fork或者线程服务器,一个潜在的问题是,恶意的程序可能会发送大量的请求导致服务器崩溃,请写一个程序,避免此类问题;
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# server socketserver 模块内部使用IO多路复用 和多进程/多线程 import socketserver class Handler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler): def handle( self ): print ( ‘new connection:‘ , self .client_address) while True : try : data = self .request.recv( 1024 ) if not data: break print ( ‘client data:‘ ,data.decode()) self .request.send(data.upper()) except Exception as e: print (e) break if __name__ = = "__main__" : server = socketserver.ThreadingTCPServer(( ‘127.0.0.1‘ , 8080 ),Handler) server.serve_forever() |
11、请使用asyncio实现一个socket服务器端程序;
12、写一个程序,使用socketserver模块,实现一个支持同时处理多个客户端请求的服务器,要求每次启动一个新线程处理客户端请求;
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socketserver模块类介绍 SocketServer内部使用 IO多路复用 以及 “多线程” 和 “多进程” , 从而实现并发处理多个客户端请求的Socket服务端。即:每个客户端请求 连接到服务器时,Socket服务端都会在服务器是创建一个“线程”或者“进 程” 专门负责处理当前客户端的所有请求。 socketserver模块可以简化网络服务器的编写,python把网络服务抽 象成两个主要的类,一个是server类,用于处理连接相关的网络操作,另一个 是RequestHandler类,用于处理数据相关的操作。并且提供两个Mixln类, 用于扩展server,实现多进程或者多线程。 |
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import socketserver import threading class MyServer(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler): def handle( self ): while True : self .data = self .request.recv( 1024 ).decode() print ( self .data) self .request.send( self .data.upper().encode()) if __name__ = = ‘__main__‘ : server = socketserver.ThreadingTCPServer(( ‘127.0.0.1‘ , 9999 ), MyServer) t = threading.Thread(target = server.serve_forever) t.start() |
数据库重点:
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1 、数据库介绍、类型、特性 2 、MySQL数据库安装、连接、启动、停止 3 、表字段类型介绍、主键约束、表创建语句 4 、常用增删改查语句、分组、聚合 5 、外键管理、unique字段、表结构修改语法 6 、跨表查询,inner join、left join、right join、full join语法 7 、复杂SQL语句如group by、子查询、函数的使用 8 、索引原理及作用、普通索引、多列索引、唯一索引、全文索引等 9 、基于 hash &b + 树索引的实现原理,索引的优缺点剖析 10 、事务原理,ACID特性,应用场景讲解 11 、事务回滚 12 、触发器的特性,应用场景 13 、触发器的增删改查方法 14 、存储过程的作用及应用场景 15 、创建存储过程,参数传递,流程控制语句 if \ while \repeat\loop等,动态SQL的创建 16 、视图的作用及使用场景,视图的增删改查 17 、数据库权限管理,用户管理 18 、数据库备份命令及工具讲解 19 、基于不同业务的数据库表结构设计、性能优化案例 20 、pymysql模块介绍和使用 |
修改表结构的语法
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语法: 1. 修改表名 ALTER TABLE 表名 RENAME 新表名; 2. 增加字段 ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…], ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]; ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] FIRST; ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] AFTER 字段名; 3. 删除字段 ALTER TABLE 表名 DROP 字段名; 4. 修改字段 ALTER TABLE 表名 MODIFY 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]; ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]; ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]; |
1、创建一个表student,包含ID(学生学号),sname(学生姓名),gender(性别),credit(信用卡号),四个字段,要求:ID是主键,且值自动递增,sname是可变长字符类型,gender是枚举类型, credit是可变长字符类型;
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create table student( ID int primary key auto_increment, sname varchar( 16 ) not null, gender enum( ‘male‘ , ‘female‘ ) not null default ‘female‘ , credit varchar( 32 ) ); |
2、在上面的student表中增加一个名为class_id的外键,外键引用class表的cid字段;
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create table class ( cid int primary key auto_increment, cname varchar( 16 ) not null ); alter table student add class_id int not null; alter table student add foreign key(class_id) references class (cid) on delete cascade on update cascade; |
3、向该表新增一条数据,ID为1,学生姓名为alex,性别女,修改ID为1的学生姓名为wupeiqi,删除该数据;
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insert into class (cname) values ( ‘一班‘ ), ( ‘二班‘ ); insert into student values( 1 , ‘alex‘ , ‘female‘ , ‘12345‘ , 1 ); update student set sname = ‘wupeiqi‘ where id = 1 ; delete from student where id = 1 ; |
4、查询student表中,每个班级的学生数;
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insert into student(sname,class_id) values ( ‘james‘ , 1 ), ( ‘durant‘ , 2 ), ( ‘curry‘ , 3 ); select count( ID ) from student; |
5、修改credit字段为unique属性;
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alter table student modify credit varchar( 32 ) not null unique; |
6、请使用命令在你本地数据库中增加一个用户,并给该用户授予创建表的权限;
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grant create on * . * to ‘james‘ @ ‘localhost‘ identified by ‘123‘ ; |
7、请使用pymsql模块连接你本地数据库,并向student表中插入一条数据;
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# _*_ coding: utf-8 _*_ # 7、请使用pymsql模块连接你本地数据库,并向student表中插入一条数据; import pymysql conn = pymysql.connect( host = ‘127.0.0.1‘ , port = 3306 , user = ‘root‘ , password = ‘******‘ , db = ‘test622‘ , charset = ‘utf8‘ ) cursor = conn.cursor() sql = "insert into student values(13,‘park‘,‘男‘,‘123456‘,1)" rows = cursor.execute(sql) conn.commit() cursor.close() conn.close() |
8、请使用mysqldump命令备份student表;
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mysqldump - uroot - p123 db_bj student > / home / bj / 桌面 / myfile / student.sql |
9、创建一张名为student_insert_log的表,要求每次插入一条新数据到student表时,都向student_insert_log表中插入一条记录,记录student_id, insert_time;
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mysql> desc student; + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | ID | int ( 11 ) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | sname | varchar( 16 ) | NO | | NULL | | | gender | enum( ‘male‘ , ‘female‘ ) | NO | | female | | | credit | varchar( 32 ) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | class_id | int ( 11 ) | NO | MUL | NULL | | + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + create table student_insert_log( student_id int not null, insert_time datetime not null ); 创建一个触发器: delimiter / / create trigger tri_after_insert_student after insert on student for each row begin insert into student_insert_log values(new. ID ,now()); end / / delimiter ; insert into student(sname,credit,class_id) values ( ‘alice‘ , ‘123‘ , 2 ); insert into student(sname,credit,class_id) values ( ‘egon1‘ , ‘1234‘ , 1 ), ( ‘egon2‘ , ‘12345‘ , 2 ); mysql> select * from student; + - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + | ID | sname | gender | credit | class_id | + - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + | 4 | alcie | female | 123456 | 1 | | 7 | alcie | female | 1234567 | 1 | | 8 | alice | female | 123 | 2 | | 9 | egon1 | female | 1234 | 1 | | 10 | egon2 | female | 12345 | 2 | + - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + mysql> select * from student_insert_log; + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | student_id | insert_time | + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | 8 | 2018 - 04 - 24 21 : 29 : 46 | | 9 | 2018 - 04 - 24 21 : 32 : 05 | | 10 | 2018 - 04 - 24 21 : 32 : 05 | + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + 10 、创建一张名为student_update_log的表,要求每次更新student表中的记录时,都向student_update_log表中插入一条记录,记录student_id, update_time; create table student_update_log( student_id int not null, update_time datetime ); 创建一个触发器 delimiter / / create trigger tri_after_update_student after update on student for each row begin insert into student_update_log values(new. ID ,now()); end / / delimiter ; show triggers\G; update student set sname = ‘alex‘ where ID in ( 9 , 10 ); mysql> select * from student; + - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + | ID | sname | gender | credit | class_id | + - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + | 4 | alcie | female | 123456 | 1 | | 7 | alcie | female | 1234567 | 1 | | 8 | alice | female | 123 | 2 | | 9 | alex | female | 1234 | 1 | | 10 | alex | female | 12345 | 2 | + - - - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + 5 rows in set ( 0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student_update_log; + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | student_id | update_time | + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + | 9 | 2018 - 04 - 24 21 : 47 : 24 | | 10 | 2018 - 04 - 24 21 : 47 : 24 | + - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + |