编程语言的发展脉络图

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{rank = same;1969;"B";}
{rank = same;1970;"Pascal";}
{rank = same;1972;"C";"smalltalk";"SASL";"Prolog";}
{rank = same;1973;"ML";"Forth";"COMAL";}
{rank = same;1974;"CLU";"SQL";"Sed";"Mary";"SP/k";}
{rank = same;1975;"Scheme";"Modula";}
{rank = same;1976;"S";"Lucid";"Ratfor";}
{rank = same;1977;"FP";"Icon";"AWK";"Euclid";}
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{rank = same;1979;"Rexx";}
{rank = same;1980;"Ada";"Concurrent Euclid (ConEuc)";}
{rank = same;1981;"KRC";"Nial";}
{rank = same;1982;"PostScript";"T";"Turing";}
{rank = same;1983;"Objective-C";"C++";"SISAL";"occam";"ABAP/4";}
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{rank = same;1989;"FL";}
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{rank = same;1991;"Python";"Oz";"Oberon-2";"Visual Basic";"AgentSheets";"Object-Oriented Turing";}
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{rank = same;1995;"Ruby";"Java";"Limbo";"Escher";"Mercury";"JavaScript";"PHP";"Lasso";}
{rank = same;1996;"OCaml";"COOL";"NetRexx";"Etoys";"Joule";}
{rank = same;1997;"ECMAScript";"C--";"Rebol";"Component Pascal";"Tea";"Caché ObjectScript";}
{rank = same;1998;"Logtalk";"ActionScript";"Cel";}
{rank = same;1999;"Design By Numbers";"NetLogo";"Gambas";}
{rank = same;2000;"C#";"Perl 6";"BeanShell";"Alice";}
{rank = same;2001;"Visual Basic .NET";"D programming language";"Processing";"Joy";}
{rank = same;2002;"Visual J#";"Io";"Polyphonic C#";"SystemVerilog";}
{rank = same;2003;"Scala";"Falcon";"Groovy";"Boo";"Nemerle";"Cω";"Lisaac";"Goo";"Squirrel";"Factor";"Q";}
{rank = same;2004;"CAL";"Epigram";}
{rank = same;2005;"F#";"Seed7";"Fantom";"Basic4ppc";}
{rank = same;2006;"Cyclone";"Cobra";"Vala";"Hop";"MiniD";"Scratch";}
{rank = same;2007;"Nu";"Agda";"Clojure";"potion";"pp, chomski virtual machine";}
{rank = same;2008;"Objective-J";"Mirah";"Reia";}
{rank = same;2009;"CoffeeScript";"Go";"QML";}
{rank = same;2010;"Fancy";}
{rank = same;2011;"Elm";"Frege";"LiveScript";"Dart";"Monkey X";"Opa";"Ceylon";"Red";}
{rank = same;2012;"Rust";"Elixir";"Julia";"TypeScript";}
{rank = same;2014;"Swift";"Hack";}
"Speedcoding"->{"Fortran" "ALGOL 58" "BASIC" "C" "PL/I" "MUMPS" "Ratfor"}
"FLOW-MATIC"->{"COBOL" "COMTRAN"}
"Information Processing Language (IPL)"->{"Lisp"}
"Fortran"->{"ALGOL 58" "BASIC" "C" "PL/I" "MUMPS" "Ratfor" "SISAL" "Julia" "S"}
"COMTRAN"->{"COBOL"}
"Lisp"->{"CLIPS" "CLU" "COWSEL" "Dylan" "Falcon" "Forth" "Haskell" "Io" "JavaScript" "Julia" "Logo" "Lua" "ML" "Nu" "Perl" "Python" "R" "Rebol" "Racket" "Ruby" "Tcl" "smalltalk" "Common Lisp" "Scheme" "Scala" "ISWIM" "Nemerle" "Oz" "PostScript" "Factor" "Nial" "AgentSheets"}
"ALGOL 58"->{"ALGOL 60" "JOSS"}
"COBOL"->{"PL/I" "ABAP/4"}
"FACT"->{"COBOL"}
"ALGOL 60"->{"Simula" "CPL" "Pascal" "Ada" "C" "CLU" "ISWIM" "ALGOL 68" "PL/I" "BASIC" "ALGOL W"}
"SNOBOL"->{"Icon" "Lua" "AWK"}
"CPL"->{"BCPL" "C" "COWSEL"}
"PL/I"->{"SP/k" "B" "C" "Rexx" "NetRexx"}
"APL"->{"J" "K" "Nial" "Q" "FP" "S" "Forth" "SAC" "A+"}
"BASIC"->{"COMAL" "Visual Basic" "Visual Basic .NET"}
"TELCOMP"->{"MUMPS"}
"ISWIM"->{"SASL" "Miranda" "ML" "Haskell" "Clean" "Lucid"}
"BCPL"->{"B" "C"}
"MUMPS"->{"Caché ObjectScript"}
"ALGOL W"->{"Pascal"}
"JOSS"->{"BASIC" "TELCOMP" "MUMPS"}
"Simula"->{"CLU" "smalltalk" "C++" "Eiffel"}
"Logo"->{"Etoys" "Scratch" "NetLogo" "smalltalk" "Rebol" "AgentSheets"}
"ALGOL 68"->{"Mary" "Python" "C" "C++" "Scheme" "Ada" "Dylan" "Icon" "Modula-3" "Seed7" "Mesa" "Modula-2+"}
"B"->{"C"}
"Pascal"->{"Ada" "Component Pascal" "Java" "Modula" "Modula-2" "Modula-3" "Oberon" "Oberon-2" "Object Pascal" "Seed7" "Limbo" "SISAL" "Perl" "Go" "COOL" "VHDL" "Modula-2+" "Turing" "COMAL" "Euclid"}
"C"->{"AMPL" "AWK" "C++" "C--" "C#" "Objective-C" "Go" "Rust" "Java" "JavaScript" "Limbo" "Perl" "PHP" "Pike" "Processing" "Python" "Seed7" "Verilog" "Alef" "Cyclone" "SISAL" "D programming language" "Julia" "potion" "Monkey X" "Vala" "ECMAScript" "S" "SAC" "Ratfor" "Joy"}
"smalltalk"->{"Objective-C" "Self" "Object REXX" "Java" "PHP" "Logtalk" "Dylan" "AppleScript" "Lisaac" "NewtonScript" "Lasso" "Python" "Ruby" "Groovy" "Scala" "Perl 6" "Falcon" "Io" "Fancy" "Dart"}
"SASL"->{"KRC" "Miranda" "Haskell"}
"Prolog"->{"Mercury" "Oz" "Erlang" "Clojure" "Logtalk"}
"ML"->{"Miranda" "Haskell" "Cyclone" "C++" "F#" "Clojure" "Opa" "Erlang" "Scala" "C#" "Nemerle" "Caml" "COOL" "Alice"}
"Forth"->{"Factor" "PostScript" "RPL" "Rebol" "Cel"}
"CLU"->{"Ada" "Lua" "Ruby" "Sather" "Swift" "C++"}
"SQL"->{"ABAP/4"}
"Sed"->{"Perl" "AWK" "pp, chomski virtual machine"}
"SP/k"->{"Turing"}
"Scheme"->{"Clojure" "Common Lisp" "Dylan" "EuLisp" "Haskell" "Hop" "JavaScript" "Julia" "Lua" "R" "S" "Racket" "Ruby" "Rust" "Sather" "Scala" "ECMAScript" "SKILL" "Goo" "T" "Oaklisp" "K" "Q" "Tea" "Joy"}
"Modula"->{"Lua" "Go" "Modula-2"}
"S"->{"R"}
"Lucid"->{"SISAL"}
"FP"->{"FL" "J" "Haskell" "Joy"}
"Icon"->{"Python" "C#"}
"AWK"->{"Tcl" "AMPL" "Perl" "Lua" "ECMAScript"}
"Euclid"->{"Mesa" "Turing" "Concurrent Euclid (ConEuc)"}
"Mesa"->{"Java" "Modula-2"}
"Modula-2"->{"Modula-3" "Oberon" "Ada" "Lua" "Seed7" "Modula-2+" "Oberon-2"}
"Rexx"->{"NetRexx" "Object REXX"}
"Ada"->{"C++" "Eiffel" "VHDL" "Ruby" "Java" "Seed7"}
"KRC"->{"Miranda" "Haskell"}
"PostScript"->{"Processing"}
"T"->{"EuLisp" "Joule" "Oaklisp"}
"Turing"->{"Turing+" "Object-Oriented Turing"}
"Objective-C"->{"Java" "Nu" "Objective-J" "Swift" "Groovy" "Cobra" "Logtalk" "Cel" "ABAP/4"}
"C++"->{"Perl" "Lua" "Pike" "Java" "PHP" "C#" "Falcon" "Seed7" "Rust" "Ruby" "Python" "D programming language" "Ada" "Monkey X" "Vala" "Squirrel"}
"SISAL"->{"SAC" "Haskell"}
"occam"->{"Go"}
"Common Lisp"->{"Clojure" "Dylan" "EuLisp" "Julia" "R" "SKILL" "Rust" "Sather"}
"Orwell"->{"Haskell"}
"Verilog"->{"SystemVerilog"}
"Modula-2+"->{"Modula-3"}
"Miranda"->{"Clean" "Haskell" "Orwell"}
"Caml"->{"F#"}
"Erlang"->{"F#" "Clojure" "Rust" "Scala" "Opa" "Reia" "Elixir" "Dart" "Fancy" "Fantom" "Oz"}
"Eiffel"->{"C#" "Java" "Lisaac" "Racket" "Ruby" "Sather" "Scala" "D programming language" "Ada" "Cobra"}
"Object Pascal"->{"C#" "Java"}
"Oberon"->{"Oberon-2" "Go" "Java" "Modula-3"}
"Oaklisp"->{"EuLisp" "Java" "Dylan"}
"Clean"->{"Haskell" "CAL"}
"Perl"->{"Python" "PHP" "Ruby" "ECMAScript" "JavaScript" "Falcon" "Perl 6" "Julia" "CoffeeScript" "Groovy"}
"Self"->{"NewtonScript" "JavaScript" "Io" "Cel" "Lisaac" "Lua" "Factor" "ECMAScript" "Rebol"}
"HyperTalk"->{"LiveCode" "ECMAScript"}
"Turing+"->{"Object-Oriented Turing"}
"Modula-3"->{"Java" "Python" "Caml" "C#"}
"Object REXX"->{"NetRexx"}
"Tcl"->{"Tea" "PHP"}
"A+"->{"K" "Q"}
"FL"->{"J"}
"Haskell"->{"Agda" "C#" "CAL" "Clean" "Clojure" "CoffeeScript" "Elm" "Epigram" "Escher" "F#" "Frege" "Java" "LiveScript" "Mercury" "Perl 6" "Python" "Scala" "Swift" "Rust"}
"Sather"->{"Rust" "COOL"}
"EuLisp"->{"Dylan"}
"Python"->{"Boo" "Cobra" "F#" "Falcon" "Go" "Groovy" "JavaScript" "Julia" "Ruby" "Swift" "Rust" "CoffeeScript" "D programming language" "Reia" "Vala" "ECMAScript" "Io" "MiniD" "Squirrel" "Cel"}
"Oz"->{"Alice" "Scala"}
"Oberon-2"->{"Component Pascal"}
"Visual Basic"->{"Visual Basic .NET" "Gambas" "Basic4ppc"}
"AgentSheets"->{"Etoys" "Scratch"}
"Alef"->{"Limbo" "Rust" "Go"}
"Dylan"->{"Goo" "Lasso" "Python" "Ruby" "Julia" "NewtonScript" "EuLisp"}
"Lua"->{"Io" "Squirrel" "Falcon" "MiniD" "Julia" "Ruby" "potion" "Red"}
"NewtonScript"->{"Io" "Cel"}
"R"->{"Julia"}
"K"->{"Q"}
"Racket"->{"Scheme" "Rust" "Clojure"}
"Ruby"->{"Clojure" "Elixir" "Falcon" "Fancy" "Groovy" "Julia" "Mirah" "Nu" "potion" "Reia" "Swift" "Rust" "CoffeeScript" "Perl 6" "D programming language" "Fantom"}
"Java"->{"BeanShell" "C#" "Clojure" "ECMAScript" "Groovy" "JavaScript" "PHP" "Python" "Scala" "Seed7" "Vala" "CAL" "D programming language" "Mirah" "Ada" "Monkey X" "Visual J#" "Processing" "COOL" "Fantom" "Ceylon" "ActionScript" "TypeScript" "Hack" "NetRexx" "Tea" "Gambas"}
"Limbo"->{"Go" "Rust"}
"JavaScript"->{"ActionScript" "CoffeeScript" "Dart" "Objective-J" "QML" "TypeScript" "LiveScript" "Perl 6" "Monkey X" "Opa" "Squirrel"}
"PHP"->{"Hack" "Falcon"}
"OCaml"->{"F#" "Scala" "Opa" "Rust" "Elm"}
"COOL"->{"OCaml"}
"Etoys"->{"Scratch"}
"ECMAScript"->{"MiniD"}
"Rebol"->{"Red"}
"Design By Numbers"->{"Processing"}
"C#"->{"Dart" "F#" "Java" "Nemerle" "Swift" "Vala" "Rust" "D programming language" "Boo" "Cobra" "Monkey X" "Cω" "Fantom" "TypeScript" "Polyphonic C#" "Hack"}
"D programming language"->{"MiniD" "Vala"}
"Joy"->{"Factor"}
"Io"->{"Fancy" "potion" "MiniD"}
"Polyphonic C#"->{"Cω"}
"Scala"->{"Fantom" "Ceylon" "Lasso" "Swift" "F#" "Red"}
"Boo"->{"Mirah"}
"Cω"->{"C#"}
"Squirrel"->{"MiniD"}
"Epigram"->{"Agda"}
"F#"->{"LiveScript" "C#" "Elm"}
"Cyclone"->{"Rust"}
"Clojure"->{"Elixir"}
"CoffeeScript"->{"LiveScript"}
"Rust"->{"Swift"}
}