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SQL命令(二)

时间:2018-08-22 21:52:17      阅读:169      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

标签:avg   rom   修改   创建   ase   嵌套   ima   for   database   

一,数据库查询

(1)格式:
SELECT <列名1,2,3...> FROM <表名> [WHERE子句] [GROUP BY 子句] [HAVING 子句] [ORDER BY子句] [LIMIT子句];
例子:
SELECT 1+4-3;
SELECT * FROM table;
SELECT a,b FROM table;
SELECT a,b AS ‘别名‘ FROM table;(别名不允许出现在WHERE中)
SELECT a,b,b+100 FROM table;

//case条件语句
SELECT a,
CASE
WHEN sex=‘0‘ THEN ‘男‘
ELSE ‘女‘
END AS ‘性别‘
FROM table;

//聚合函数 COUNT,MAX,MIN,SUM,AVG,STD,VARIANCE...
SELECT MAX(a) FROM table;

//连接表(JOIN)
交叉连接(CROSS JOIN):SELECT * FROM a CROSS JOIN b;
内连接(INNER JOIN):SELECT * FROM a INNER JOIN b ON a.id>b.id;有限制的交叉连接
相等连接:上面a.id=b.id;
不等连接:类似上面
自然连接:(NATURAL JOIN)

//WHERE子句
比较运算:SELECT * FROM table WHERE a>2;
字符串统配:SELECET id,name FROM table WHERE name LIKE ‘李%‘ 百分号不匹配NULL,匹配0,1,多个字符,下划线匹配一个字符;
文本匹配(正则表达式REGEXP):SELECT name,age,major FROM table WHERE major REGEXP ‘物‘;//匹配专业里面含有物字的所有行 (| = OR)([ ] = 集合) (\=转义字符) (*,+,?,{n},{n,},{n,m} = 重复元字符)(^,&=匹配定位符)
判定范围:
1) BETWEEN AND
SELECE name,age FROM table WHERE age BETWEEN 20 AND 23;
2) IN
SELECT ....
WHERE age IN (20,23);
判定空值(IS [NOT] NULL):SELECT a,b FROM table WHERE b IS NULL;

//GROUP BY 分组
GROUP BY { <列名> | <表达式> |<位置>} [ASC | DESC]]
SELECT sex,count(*) AS ‘人数‘ FROM table GROUP BY sex;
SELECT maior AVG(age) AS ‘平均年龄‘ FROM table GROUP BY major;

//HAVING 过滤分组
SELECT major,COUNT() AS ‘总人数‘ FROM table GROUP BY major HAVING COUNT()>2;
//ORDER BY 同GROUP BY
SELECT name,age FORM table ORDER BY age DESC;//NULL排序为最小值

//LIMIT 限制显示行数
SELECT id,name FROM table LIMIT 4,3;//第五行开始取三行数据
SELECT id,name FROM table ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 4;//同上

//UNION联合查询(多条SELECT联合查询,返回一条查询结果,ORDER,LIMIT必须置于最后一个SELECT)
SELECT... UNION [ALL |DISTINCT] SELECT...

SELECT name,major,sex FROM table WHERE majot=‘物理专业‘ UNION SELECT name,.... FROM table WHERE sex=‘1‘;

二,索引
创建索引:
1)CREATE INDEX <索引名> ON table( <列名>[ <长度> ] [ASC| DESC] )
CREATE INDEX index_name ON table(a(3) ASC);//单列索引
CREATE INDEX index_name ON table(a,b) USING BTREE;//组合索引
2)CREATE TABLE table (id,INT,NOT NULL,........,
PRIMARY KEY(id), //主键
INDEX indx_course(name), //普通索引
or
UNIQUE INDEX index_name(a) //唯一索引
or
FOREIGN KEY index_name(a));//外键
3)ALTE TABLE table
ADD INDEX index_name(a);
or
ADD PRIMARY KEY(a);
or
ADD UNIQUE INDEX index_name(a);
or
ADD FOREIGN KEY index_name(a);
查看索引:
SHOW INDEX FROM table FROM database;
删除索引:
1)DROP INDEX index_name ON table;
2)ALTER TABLE table
DROP PRIMARY KEY(a);
or
DROP INDEX index_name(a);
or
DROP FORIEN KEY index_name(a);
三,视图(虚拟表,不包含数据,仅显示数据)
创建和删除视图
CREATE VIEW <视图名> AS

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW view_name
AS
SELECT a,b,c
FROM table
WHERE a =‘0‘
WITH CHECK OPTION ;//(插入数据需符合WHERE条件)

DROP VIEW view_name;

修改查看视图:
ALTER VIEW view_name AS

SHOW CREAE VIEW view_name

更新视图数据(插入,修改,删除更新视图时实际更新了基础表数据,视图更新受限)
INSERT INTO view_name VALUES(.....);//视图依赖多个基础表时,不能插入,更新只更新一个表,不能删除
UPDATE view_name SET a = ‘0‘ WHERE b = 22;
DELETE FROM view_name WHERE a=‘王五‘;

查询视图数据(同查询表)
SELECT a,b FROM view_name WHERE A=‘0‘;

创建嵌套视图
CREATE VIEW view_a AS SELECT * FROM view_b WHERE c=‘物理专业‘;

SQL命令(二)

标签:avg   rom   修改   创建   ase   嵌套   ima   for   database   

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/CYRgrowing1215/p/9520265.html

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