>>> type(123)
<class ‘int‘>
>>> type("name")
<class ‘str‘>
>>> type(None)
<class ‘NoneType‘>
>>> type(abs)
<class ‘builtin_function_or_method‘>
>>> import Person
>>> type(Person)
<class ‘module‘>

>>> type(123)==type(456)
True
>>> type(123)==int
True

#play.py
class Animals(object):
    def play():
        pass

class Dog(Animals):
    def play():
        pass

class Kity(Dog):
    def play():
        pass

a=Animals()
d=Dog()
k=Kity()

>>> import play
>>> isinstance(k,Kity)
True
>>> isinstance(k,Dog)
True
>>> isinstance(k,Animals)
True
>>> isinstance(k,object)
True
>>> isinstance(d,Kity)
False

>>> isinstance(123,(str,int))
True

>>> dir("Alice")
[‘__add__‘, ‘__class__‘, ‘__contains__‘, ‘__delattr__‘, ‘__dir__‘, ‘__doc__‘, ‘__eq__‘, ‘__format__‘, ‘__ge__‘, ‘__getattribute__‘, ‘__getitem__‘, ‘__getnewargs__‘, ‘__gt__‘, ‘__hash__‘, ‘__init__‘, ‘__iter__‘, ‘__le__‘, ‘__len__‘, ‘__lt__‘, ‘__mod__‘, ‘__mul__‘, ‘__ne__‘, ‘__new__‘, ‘__reduce__‘, ‘__reduce_ex__‘, ‘__repr__‘, ‘__rmod__‘, ‘__rmul__‘, ‘__setattr__‘, ‘__sizeof__‘, ‘__str__‘, ‘__subclasshook__‘, ‘capitalize‘, ‘casefold‘, ‘center‘, ‘count‘, ‘encode‘, ‘endswith‘, ‘expandtabs‘, ‘find‘, ‘format‘, ‘format_map‘, ‘index‘, ‘isalnum‘, ‘isalpha‘, ‘isdecimal‘, ‘isdigit‘, ‘isidentifier‘, ‘islower‘, ‘isnumeric‘, ‘isprintable‘, ‘isspace‘, ‘istitle‘, ‘isupper‘, ‘join‘, ‘ljust‘, ‘lower‘, ‘lstrip‘, ‘maketrans‘, ‘partition‘, ‘replace‘, ‘rfind‘, ‘rindex‘, ‘rjust‘, ‘rpartition‘, ‘rsplit‘, ‘rstrip‘, ‘split‘, ‘splitlines‘, ‘startswith‘, ‘strip‘, ‘swapcase‘, ‘title‘, ‘translate‘, ‘upper‘, ‘zfill‘]

>>> class Cal(object):
    x=2
    def cal():
        self.y=1
        return x+y

    
>>> ca=Cal()
>>> hasattr(ca,"x")
True
>>> setattr(ca,"z",3)
>>> getattr(ca,"z")
3
>>> getattr(ca,"p")

>>> getattr(ca,"p")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#57>", line 1, in <module>
    getattr(ca,"p")
AttributeError: ‘Cal‘ object has no attribute ‘p‘
>>> getattr(ca,"p",404)
404