标签:括号 简单的 构造 rman tee 存在 enc toc evel
Swift兼具编译语言的高性能(Performance)和脚本语言的交互性(Interactive)。
Hello, world
类似于脚本语言,以下的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。
println("Hello, world")
变量与常量
Swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。
var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42
let explicitDouble : Double = 70
let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
let width = label + String(width)
let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."
var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
var occupations = [
"Malcolm": "Captain",
"Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
let emptyArray = String[]()
let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
概览
Swift的条件语句包括if和switch。循环语句包括for-in、for、while和do-while,循环/推断条件不须要括号。但循环/推断体(body)必需括号:
let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
if score > 50 {
teamScore += 3
} else {
teamScore += 1
}
}
var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
optionalString == nil
var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
var gretting = "Hello!"
if let name = optionalName {
gretting = "Hello, \(name)"
}
let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
case "cucumber", "watercress":
let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
default:
let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
}
let interestingNumbers = [
"Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
"Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
"Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
for number in numbers {
if number > largest {
largest = number
}
}
}
largest
var n = 2
while n < 100 {
n = n * 2
}
n
var m = 2
do {
m = m * 2
} while m < 100
m
var firstForLoop = 0
for i in 0..3 {
firstForLoop += i
}
firstForLoop
var secondForLoop = 0
for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {
secondForLoop += 1
}
secondForLoop
函数
Swift使用funckeyword声明函数:
func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
}
greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
}
getGasPrices()
func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
var sum = 0
for number in numbers {
sum += number
}
return sum
}
sumOf()
sumOf(42, 597, 12)
func returnFifteen() -> Int {
var y = 10
func add() {
y += 5
}
add()
return y
}
returnFifteen()
func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
return 1 + number
}
return addOne
}
var increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)
func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {
for item in list {
if condition(item) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
return number < 10
}
var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen)
numbers.map({
(number: Int) -> Int in
let result = 3 * number
return result
})
numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }
创建和使用类
Swift使用class创建一个类,类能够包括字段和方法:
class Shape {
var numberOfSides = 0
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
var shape = Shape()
shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
class NamedShape {
var numberOfSides: Int = 0
var name: String
init(name: String) {
self.name = name
}
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
Swift支持继承和多态(override父类方法):
class Square: NamedShape {
var sideLength: Double
init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 4
}
func area() -> Double {
return sideLength * sideLength
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
}
}
let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
test.area()
test.simpleDescription()
为了简化代码,Swift引入了属性(property)。见以下的perimeter字段:
class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
var sideLength: Double = 0.0
init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 3
}
var perimeter: Double {
get {
return 3.0 * sideLength
}
set {
sideLength = newValue / 3.0
}
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
}
}
var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
triangle.perimeter
triangle.perimeter = 9.9
triangle.sideLength
class TriangleAndSquare {
var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
willSet {
square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
var square: Square {
willSet {
triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
init(size: Double, name: String) {
square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
}
}
var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength
triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength
Swift中,函数的參数名称仅仅能在函数内部使用。但方法的參数名称除了在内部使用外还能够在外部使用(第一个參数除外),比如:
class Counter {
var count: Int = 0
func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) {
count += amount * times
}
}
var counter = Counter()
counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7)
的还有一种用途
使用可空值时,?
能够出如今方法、属性或下标前面。假设?
前的值为nil,那么?
后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil。比如:
let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional
square")
let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength
枚举
使用enum创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举能够关联方法:
enum Rank: Int {
case Ace = 1
case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
case Jack, Queen, King
func simpleDescription() -> String {
switch self {
case .Ace:
return "ace"
case .Jack:
return "jack"
case .Queen:
return "queen"
case .King:
return "king"
default:
return String(self.toRaw())
}
}
}
let ace = Rank.Ace
let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw()
if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) {
let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()
}
enum Suit {
case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
func simpleDescription() -> String {
switch self {
case .Spades:
return "spades"
case .Hearts:
return "hearts"
case .Diamonds:
return "diamonds"
case .Clubs:
return "clubs"
}
}
}
let hearts = Suit.Hearts
let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription()
enum ServerResponse {
case Result(String, String)
case Error(String)
}
let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.")
switch success {
case let .Result(sunrise, sunset):
let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)."
case let .Error(error):
let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)"
}
结构支持构造器和方法这些类的特性。结构和类的最大差别在于:结构的实例按值传递(passed by value),而类的实例按引用传递(passed by reference)。
struct Card {
var rank: Rank
var suit: Suit
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"
}
}
let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades)
let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()
协议
Swift使用protocol定义协议:
protocol ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String { get }
mutating func adjust()
}
class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."
var anotherProperty: Int = 69105
func adjust() {
simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted."
}
}
var a = SimpleClass()
a.adjust()
let aDescription = a.simpleDescription
struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"
mutating func adjust() {
simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"
}
}
var b = SimpleStructure()
b.adjust()
let bDescription = b.simpleDescription
extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String {
return "The number \(self)"
}
mutating func adjust() {
self += 42
}
}
7.simpleDescription
func repeat<ItemType>(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] {
var result = ItemType[]()
for i in 0..times {
result += item
}
return result
}
repeat("knock", 4)
// Reimplement the Swift standard library‘s optional type
enum OptionalValue<T> {
case None
case Some(T)
}
var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None
possibleInteger = .Some(100)
func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool {
for lhsItem in lhs {
for rhsItem in rhs {
if lhsItem == rhsItem {
return true
}
}
}
return false
}
anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3])
注意:以下的感受纯属个人意见,仅供參考。
大杂烩
虽然我接触Swift不足两小时,但非常easy看出Swift吸收了大量其他编程语言中的元素。这些元素包括但不限于:
属性(Property)、可空值(Nullable type)语法和泛型(Generic Type)语法源自C#。
格式风格与Go相仿(没有句末的分号,推断条件不须要括号)。
Python风格的当前实例引用语法(使用self)和列表字典声明语法。
Haskell风格的区间声明语法(比方1..3,1...3)。
协议和扩展源自Objective-C(自家产品随便用)。
枚举类型非常像Java(能够拥有成员或方法)。
class和struct的概念和C#极其类似。
注意这里不是说Swift是抄袭——实际上编程语言能玩的花样基本就这些,况且Swift选的都是在我看来相当不错的特性。
并且。这个大杂烩有一个优点——就是不论什么其他编程语言的开发人员都不会觉得Swift非常陌生——这一点非常重要。
拒绝隐式(Refuse implicity)
Swift去除了一些隐式操作。比方隐式类型转换和隐式方法重载这两个坑,干的美丽。
Swift的应用方向
我觉得Swift主要有以下这两个应用方向:
教育
我指的是编程教育。
现有编程语言最大的问题就是交互性奇差,从而导致学习曲线陡峭。相信Swift及其交互性极强的编程环境能够打破这个局面。让很多其他的人——尤其是青少年,学会编程。
这里有必要再次提到Brec Victor的Inventing on Principle,看了这个视频你就会明确一个交互性强的编程环境能够带来什么。
应用开发
现有的iOS和OS X应用开发均使用Objective-C,而Objective-C是一门及其繁琐(verbose)且学习曲线比較陡峭的语言。假设Swift能够提供一个同现有Obj-C框架的简易互操作接口。我相信会有大量的程序猿转投Swift;与此同一时候,Swift简易的语法也会带来相当数量的其他平台开发人员。
总之。上一次某家大公司大张旗鼓的推出一门编程语言及其编程平台还是在2000年(微软推出C#),将近15年之后,苹果推出Swift——作为开发人员,我非常高兴能够见证一门编程语言的诞生。
參照地址:http://zh.lucida.me/blog/an-introduction-to-swift/
标签:括号 简单的 构造 rman tee 存在 enc toc evel
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/mqxnongmin/p/10702009.html