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1. 二进制格式mysql安装

//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# cd /usr/local/
[root@localhost src]# wget [root@20liuzhenchao local]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
--2019-04-29 19:58:07--  https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
正在解析主机 downloads.mysql.com (downloads.mysql.com)... 137.254.60.14
正在连接 downloads.mysql.com (downloads.mysql.com)|137.254.60.14|:443... 已连接。

100%[++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=====================================>] 643,790,848 4.55MB/s 用时 30s    

2019-04-29 21:24:36 (5.19 MB/s) - 已保存 “mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz” [643790848/643790848])

//创建用户和组
[root@20liuzhenchao local]# groupadd -r mysql
[root@20liuzhenchao local]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql

//解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@20liuzhenchao local]# tar -xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

[root@20liuzhenchao local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 mysql
"mysql" -> "mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64"

[root@20liuzhenchao local]# ll
总用量 628704
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root         6 12月 15 2017 bin
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root         6 12月 15 2017 etc
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root         6 12月 15 2017 games
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root         6 12月 15 2017 include
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root         6 12月 15 2017 lib
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root         6 12月 15 2017 lib64
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root         6 12月 15 2017 libexec
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root        35 4月  29 22:24 mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root       129 4月  29 22:05 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 643790848 3月   4 2018 mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root         6 12月 15 2017 sbin
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root        49 4月  28 23:15 share
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root         6 12月 15 2017 src

//修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[root@20liuzhenchao local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64
[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# ll -d
drwxr-xr-x. 9 mysql mysql 129 4月  29 22:05 .

//添加环境变量
[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# ls
bin  COPYING  docs  include  lib  man  README  share  support-files
[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh 
[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin


//建立数据存放目录
[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data
[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# ll /opt/data -d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 4月  29 22:57 /opt/data


//初始化数据库
[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/
2019-04-29T15:00:39.845522Z 0 [Warning] TIMESTAMP with implicit DEFAULT value is deprecated. Please use --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp server option (see documentation for more details).
2019-04-29T15:00:40.456817Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2019-04-29T15:00:40.630171Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2019-04-29T15:00:40.750603Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: 8e0ba300-6a8f-11e9-9b37-000c29fc116c.
2019-04-29T15:00:40.752085Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table ‘mysql.gtid_executed‘ cannot be opened.
2019-04-29T15:00:40.754098Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: 6ojuoTdt&de!
//请注意，这个命令的最后会生成一个临时密码，此处密码是6ojuoTdt&de!


//生成配置文件
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
> [mysqld]
> basedir = /usr/local/mysql
> datadir = /opt/data
> socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
> port = 3306
> pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
> user = mysql
> skip-name-resolve
> EOF

[root@20liuzhenchao mysql]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve


//配置服务启动脚本
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld


//启动mysql
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to ‘/opt/data/20liuzhenchao.err‘.
. SUCCESS! 
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ps -ef |grep mysql
root       2221      1  0 23:28 pts/1    00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/opt/data --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid
mysql      2399   2221  2 23:28 pts/1    00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/opt/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=20liuzhenchao.err --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root       2454   1907  0 23:28 pts/1    00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysql
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ss -antl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q                                                Local Address:Port                                                               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN      0      128                                                               *:22                                                                            *:*                  
LISTEN      0      100                                                       127.0.0.1:25                                                                            *:*                  
LISTEN      0      80                                                               :::3306                                                                         :::*                  
LISTEN      0      128                                                              :::22                                                                           :::*                  
LISTEN      0      100                                                             ::1:25                                                                           :::*  

//修改密码
//使用临时密码登录
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

//设置新密码
mysql> set password = password(‘liu123!@#‘);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

2. mysql配置文件

mysql的配置文件为/etc/my.cnf

配置文件查找次序：若在多个配置文件中均有设定，则最后找到的最终生效

/etc/my.cnf --> /etc/mysql/my.cnf --> --default-extra-file=/PATH/TO/CONF_FILE --> ~/.my.cnf

mysql常用配置文件参数：

3. mysql数据库备份与恢复

3.1 数据库常用备份方案

数据库备份方案：

• 全量备份
• 增量备份
• 差异备份

3.2 mysql备份工具mysqldump

//语法：
    mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables ...]
    mysqldump [OPTIONS] --all-databases [OPTIONS]
    mysqldump [OPTIONS] --databases [OPTIONS] DB1 [DB2 DB3...]
    
//常用的OPTIONS：
    -uUSERNAME      //指定数据库用户名
    -hHOST          //指定服务器主机，请使用ip地址
    -pPASSWORD      //指定数据库用户的密码
    -P#             //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307




//备份整个数据库(全备)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| liuzhenchao        |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use liuzhenchao;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_liuzhenchao |
+-----------------------+
| class                 |
| student               |
+-----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 --all-databases > all-201904291610.sql
Enter password: 
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ls
all-201904291610.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg


//备份liuzhenchao库的student表和class表
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 liuzhenchao student class > table-201904291616.sql
Enter password: 
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ls
all-201904291610.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg  table-201904291616.sql



//备份liuzhenchao库
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 --databases liuzhenchao > zc-201904291618.sql
Enter password: 
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ls
all-201904291610.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg  table-201904291616.sql  zc-201904291618.sql



//模拟误删liuzhenchao数据库
mysql> drop database liuzhenchao;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.3 mysql数据恢复

//恢复liuzhenchao数据库
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ls
    all-201904291610.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg  table-201904291616.sql  zc-201904291618.sql
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 < all-201904291610.sql 
Enter password: 
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 -e ‘show databases;‘
Enter password: 
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| liuzhenchao        |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+



//恢复liuzhenchao数据库的student表和class表
mysql> use liuzhenchao;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> source table-201904291616.sql;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
......
......
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show tables;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_liuzhenchao |
+-----------------------+
| class                 |
| student               |
+-----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.4 差异备份与恢复

3.4.1. mysql差异备份

开启MySQL服务器的二进制日志功能 [root@20liuzhenchao ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf

[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
user = mysql
pid-file = /tmp/mysql.pid
skip-name-resolve

server-id=10         //设置服务器标识符
log-bin=mysql_bin    //开启二进制日志功能

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!

对数据库进行完全备份

//备份整个数据库(全备)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| liuzhenchao        |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use liuzhenchao;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_liuzhenchao |
+-----------------------+
| class                 |
| student               |
+-----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p -h127.0.0.1 --all-databases > all-201904291610.sql
Enter password: 
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ls
all-201904291610.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg


//增加新内容
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| liuzhenchao        |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.05 sec)

mysql> use liuzhenchao;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_liuzhenchao |
+-----------------------+
| class                 |
| student               |
+-----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from class;
+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | grade1 |
|  2 | grade2 |
+----+--------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert class(id,name) values(3,‘grade3‘),(4,‘grade4‘);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from class;
+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | grade1 |
|  2 | grade2 |
|  3 | grade3 |
|  4 | grade4 |
+----+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.4.2. mysql差异备份恢复

模拟误删数据

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘ -e ‘drop database liuzhenchao;‘
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘ -e ‘show databases;‘
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
//由上可以看到liuzhenchao这个数据库已被删除

刷新创建新的二进制日志

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ll /opt/data/
总用量 122964
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql    31892 4月  30 17:34 20liuzhenchao.err
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql       56 4月  29 23:00 auto.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      453 4月  30 17:34 ib_buffer_pool
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 4月  30 17:49 ibdata1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 50331648 4月  30 17:49 ib_logfile0
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 50331648 4月  29 23:00 ib_logfile1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 4月  30 17:34 ibtmp1
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     4096 4月  30 00:24 mysql
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      177 4月  30 17:34 mysql_bin.000001
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      624 4月  30 17:49 mysql_bin.000002
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql       38 4月  30 17:34 mysql_bin.index
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql        5 4月  30 17:34 mysql.pid
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     8192 4月  29 23:00 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     8192 4月  29 23:00 sys

//刷新创建新的二进制日志
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysqladmin -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘ flush-logs
mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ll /opt/data
总用量 122968
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql    31892 4月  30 17:34 20liuzhenchao.err
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql       56 4月  29 23:00 auto.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      453 4月  30 17:34 ib_buffer_pool
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 4月  30 17:49 ibdata1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 50331648 4月  30 17:49 ib_logfile0
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 50331648 4月  29 23:00 ib_logfile1
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql 12582912 4月  30 17:34 ibtmp1
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     4096 4月  30 00:24 mysql
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      177 4月  30 17:34 mysql_bin.000001
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      671 4月  30 17:51 mysql_bin.000002
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql      154 4月  30 17:51 mysql_bin.000003
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql       57 4月  30 17:51 mysql_bin.index
-rw-r-----. 1 mysql mysql        5 4月  30 17:34 mysql.pid
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     8192 4月  29 23:00 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 mysql mysql     8192 4月  29 23:00 sys

恢复完全备份

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘ < all-201904291610.sql 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘ -e ‘show databases;‘ 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| liuzhenchao        |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -pwangqing123! -e ‘show tables from wangqing;‘
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_wangqing |
+--------------------+
| runtime            |
| student            |
+--------------------+
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘ -e ‘select * from liuzhenchao.class;‘ 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | grade1 |
|  2 | grade2 |
+----+--------+

恢复差异备份

//检查误删数据库的位置在什么地方
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 11
Server version: 5.7.22-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show binlog events in ‘mysql_bin.000002‘;
+------------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
| Log_name         | Pos | Event_type     | Server_id | End_log_pos | Info                                  |
+------------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
| mysql_bin.000002 |   4 | Format_desc    |        10 |         123 | Server ver: 5.7.22-log, Binlog ver: 4 |
| mysql_bin.000002 | 123 | Previous_gtids |        10 |         154 |                                       |
| mysql_bin.000002 | 154 | Anonymous_Gtid |        10 |         219 | SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= ‘ANONYMOUS‘  |
| mysql_bin.000002 | 219 | Query          |        10 |         298 | BEGIN                                 |
| mysql_bin.000002 | 298 | Table_map      |        10 |         356 | table_id: 108 (liuzhenchao.class)     |
| mysql_bin.000002 | 356 | Write_rows     |        10 |         415 | table_id: 108 flags: STMT_END_F       |
| mysql_bin.000002 | 415 | Xid            |        10 |         446 | COMMIT /* xid=14 */                   |
| mysql_bin.000002 | 446 | Anonymous_Gtid |        10 |         511 | SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= ‘ANONYMOUS‘  |
| mysql_bin.000002 | 511 | Query          |        10 |         624 | drop database liuzhenchao             |
| mysql_bin.000002 | 624 | Rotate         |        10 |         671 | mysql_bin.000003;pos=4                |
+------------------+-----+----------------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
10 rows in set (0.01 sec)

//使用mysqlbinlog恢复差异备份
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysqlbinlog --stop-position=511 /opt/data/mysql_bin.000002 |mysql -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘ -e ‘select * from liuzhenchao.class‘
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+----+--------+
| id | name   |
+----+--------+
|  1 | grade1 |
|  2 | grade2 |
|  3 | grade3 |
|  4 | grade4 |
+----+--------+

3.4 Xtrabackup

Xtrabackup是一个对InnoDB做数据备份的工具，支持在线热备份（备份时不影响数据读写），是商业备份工具InnoDB Hotbackup的一个很好的替代品。它能对InnoDB和XtraDB存储引擎的数据库非阻塞地备份（对于MyISAM的备份同样需要加表锁）。XtraBackup支持所有的Percona Server、MySQL、MariaDB和Drizzle。

Xtrabackup是由percona开源的免费数据库热备份软件，它能对InnoDB数据库和XtraDB存储引擎的数据库非阻塞地备份（对于MyISAM的备份同样需要加表锁）；mysqldump备份方式是采用的逻辑备份，其最大的缺陷是备份和恢复速度较慢，如果数据库大于50G，mysqldump备份就不太适合。

3.4.1 Xtrabackup优点

• 备份速度快，物理备份可靠
• 备份过程不会打断正在执行的事务（无需锁表）
• 能够基于压缩等功能节约磁盘空间和流量
• 自动备份校验
• 还原速度快
• 可以流传将备份传输到另外一台机器上
• 在不增加服务器负载的情况备份数据

3.4.2 Xtrabackup备份原理

备份开始时首先会开启一个后台检测进程，实时检测mysq redo的变化，一旦发现有新的日志写入，立刻将日志记入后台日志文件xtrabackup_log中，之后复制innodb的数据文件一系统表空间文件ibdatax，复制结束后，将执行flush tables with readlock,然后复制.frm MYI MYD等文件，最后执行unlock tables,最终停止xtrabackup_log

3.4.3 Xtrabackup增量备份介绍

xtrabackup增量备份的原理是：

• 首先完成一个完全备份，并记录下此时检查点LSN；
• 然后增量备份时，比较表空间中每个页的LSN是否大于上次备份的LSN，若是则备份该页并记录当前检查点的LSN。

增量备份优点：

• 数据库太大没有足够的空间全量备份，增量备份能有效节省空间，并且效率高；
• 支持热备份，备份过程不锁表（针对InnoDB而言），不阻塞数据库的读写；
• 每日备份只产生少量数据，也可采用远程备份，节省本地空间；
• 备份恢复基于文件操作，降低直接对数据库操作风险；
• 备份效率更高，恢复效率更高。

3.4.4 Xtrabackup安装

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# yum install http://www.percona.com/downloads/percona-release/redhat/0.1-4/percona-release-0.1-4.noarch.rpm
已加载插件：product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
percona-release-0.1-4.noarch.rpm                                                                                                  | 6.4 kB  00:00:00     
正在检查 /var/tmp/yum-root-N7jrMj/percona-release-0.1-4.noarch.rpm: percona-release-0.1-4.noarch
/var/tmp/yum-root-N7jrMj/percona-release-0.1-4.noarch.rpm 将作为 percona-release-0.1-3.noarch 的更新
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 percona-release.noarch.0.0.1-3 将被 升级
---> 软件包 percona-release.noarch.0.0.1-4 将被 更新
更新完毕:
  percona-release.noarch 0:0.1-4                                                      
完毕！
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# yum list | grep percona
percona-release.noarch                   0.1-4                           installed
Percona-Server-55-debuginfo.x86_64       5.5.62-rel38.14.el7             percona-release-x86_64
Percona-Server-56-debuginfo.x86_64       5.6.43-rel84.3.el7              percona-release-x86_64
Percona-Server-57-debuginfo.x86_64       5.7.25-28.1.el7                 percona-release-x86_64
Percona-Server-80-info.x86_64            8.0-1.el7                       percona-release-x86_64

//安装percona
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# yum -y install percona-xtrabackup-24
已加载插件：product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
已安装:
  percona-xtrabackup-24.x86_64 0:2.4.13-1.el7                                         
作为依赖被安装:
  libev.x86_64 0:4.15-7.el7                    perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2.x86_64 0:2.061-3.el7          perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib.x86_64 1:2.061-4.el7         
  perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 0:4.023-6.el7          perl-DBI.x86_64 0:1.627-4.el7                         perl-Data-Dumper.x86_64 0:2.145-3.el7               
  perl-Digest.noarch 0:1.17-245.el7            perl-Digest-MD5.x86_64 0:2.52-3.el7                   perl-IO-Compress.noarch 0:2.061-2.el7               
  perl-Net-Daemon.noarch 0:0.48-5.el7          perl-PlRPC.noarch 0:0.2020-14.el7                     rsync.x86_64 0:3.1.2-4.el7                        
完毕！
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# which xtrabackup
/usr/bin/xtrabackup
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# innobackupex -v
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/opt/data --server-id=10 --log_bin=mysql_bin 
innobackupex version 2.4.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 3e7ca7c)
//已安装完成

3.4.5 创建测试数据

mysql> create database test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> use test;
Database changed
mysql> create table T1(name varchar(10) not null,sex varchar(10) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into T1 values(‘zhang‘,‘man‘),(‘zhan‘,‘man‘),(‘sun‘,‘woman‘);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from T1;
+-------+-------+
| name  | sex   |
+-------+-------+
| zhang | man   |
| zhan  | man   |
| sun   | woman |
+-------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.4.6 Xtrabackup全量备份与恢复

[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=root --host=127.0.0.1 --password=‘liu123!@#‘ --port=3306 --backup /root
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/opt/data --server-id=10 --log_bin=mysql_bin 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --datadir=/opt/data --server-id=10 --log_bin=mysql_bin --backup=1 
190501 04:53:58 innobackupex: Starting the backup operation

IMPORTANT: Please check that the backup run completes successfully.
           At the end of a successful backup run innobackupex
           prints "completed OK!".

190501 04:53:58  version_check Connecting to MySQL server with DSN ‘dbi:mysql:;mysql_read_default_group=xtrabackup;host=127.0.0.1;port=3306‘ as ‘root‘  (using password: YES).
190501 04:54:00  version_check Connected to MySQL server
190501 04:54:00  version_check Executing a version check against the server...
190501 04:54:00  version_check Done.
190501 04:54:00 Connecting to MySQL server host: 127.0.0.1, user: root, password: set, port: 3306, socket: not set
Using server version 5.7.22-log
innobackupex version 2.4.13 based on MySQL server 5.7.19 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 3e7ca7c)
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /opt/data
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .
xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextend
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 50331648
InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
......
......
190501 04:54:04 [00] Writing /root/2019-05-01_04-53-58/xtrabackup_info
190501 04:54:04 [00]        ...done
xtrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (5374234) to (5374243) was copied.
190501 04:54:04 completed OK!


//这里面就是相关的备份文件，同样也可以看到我们创建的库的名称
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# ll ./2019-05-01_04-53-58/
总用量 12340
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      488 5月   1 04:54 backup-my.cnf
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      705 5月   1 04:54 ib_buffer_pool
-rw-r-----. 1 root root 12582912 5月   1 04:54 ibdata1
drwxr-x---. 2 root root       92 5月   1 04:54 liuzhenchao
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     4096 5月   1 04:54 mysql
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     8192 5月   1 04:54 performance_schema
drwxr-x---. 2 root root     8192 5月   1 04:54 sys
drwxr-x---. 2 root root       48 5月   1 04:54 test
-rw-r-----. 1 root root       21 5月   1 04:54 xtrabackup_binlog_info
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      113 5月   1 04:54 xtrabackup_checkpoints
-rw-r-----. 1 root root      529 5月   1 04:54 xtrabackup_info
-rw-r-----. 1 root root     2560 5月   1 04:54 xtrabackup_logfile



//使用此参数使用相关数据性文件保持一致性状态
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# innobackupex --apply-log /root/2019-05-01_04-53-58/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --innodb_checksum_algorithm=crc32 --innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=strict_crc32 --innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:12M:autoextend --innodb_log_files_in_group=2 --innodb_log_file_size=50331648 --innodb_fast_checksum=0 --innodb_page_size=16384 --innodb_log_block_size=512 --innodb_undo_directory=./ --innodb_undo_tablespaces=0 --server-id=10 --redo-log-version=1 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --innodb_checksum_algorithm=crc32 --innodb_log_checksum_algorithm=strict_crc32 --innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:12M:autoextend --innodb_log_files_in_group=2 --innodb_log_file_size=50331648 --innodb_fast_checksum=0 --innodb_page_size=16384 --innodb_log_block_size=512 --innodb_undo_directory=./ --innodb_undo_tablespaces=0 --server-id=10 --redo-log-version=1 
190501 04:59:57 innobackupex: Starting the apply-log operation

IMPORTANT: Please check that the apply-log run completes successfully.
           At the end of a successful apply-log run innobackupex
           prints "completed OK!".

innobackupex version 2.4.13 based on MySQL server 5.7.19 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 3e7ca7c)
xtrabackup: cd to /root/2019-05-01_04-53-58/
xtrabackup: This target seems to be not prepared yet.

//模拟误删表
mysql> use test;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> drop table T1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from T1;
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table ‘test.T1‘ doesn‘t exist

3.4.7 接下来准备恢复误删除数据

恢复数据之前需要保证数据目录是空的状态

[root@20liuzhenchao data]# innobackupex --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf --user=root --password=‘liu123!@#‘ --port=3306 --host=127.0.0.1 --copy-back /root/2019-05-01_04-53-58/
xtrabackup: recognized server arguments: --datadir=/opt/data --server-id=10 --log_bin=mysql_bin 
xtrabackup: recognized client arguments: --datadir=/opt/data --server-id=10 --log_bin=mysql_bin 
190501 05:08:24 innobackupex: Starting the copy-back operation

IMPORTANT: Please check that the copy-back run completes successfully.
           At the end of a successful copy-back run innobackupex
           prints "completed OK!".

innobackupex version 2.4.13 based on MySQL server 5.7.19 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 3e7ca7c)
190501 05:08:24 [01] Copying ib_logfile0 to /opt/data/ib_logfile0
190501 05:08:24 [01]        ...done
190501 05:08:24 [01] Copying ib_logfile1 to /opt/data/ib_logfile1
190501 05:08:24 [01]        ...done
.....
.....
190501 05:08:24 [01]        ...done
190501 05:08:24 [01] Copying ./ibtmp1 to /opt/data/ibtmp1
190501 05:08:24 [01]        ...done
190501 05:08:25 completed OK!

//重启服务
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

//查看数据是否恢复
[root@20liuzhenchao ~]# mysql -uroot -p‘liu123!@#‘ -e ‘select * from test.T1;‘
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+-------+-------+
| name  | sex   |
+-------+-------+
| zhang | man   |
| zhan  | man   |
| sun   | woman |
+-------+-------+

mysql进阶

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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/liuzhenchao/p/10798392.html