1.1.概念
kubernetes(通常称为k8s)用于自动部署、扩展和管理容器化应用程序的开源系统。它旨在提供“跨主机集群的自动部署、扩展以及运行应用程序容器的平台”。支持一系列容器工具 ,包括Docker等。
1.2.特点
1)可移植:支持公有云、私有云、混合云、多重云
2)可扩展:模块化、插件化、可挂载、可组合
3)自动化:自动部署、自动重启、自动复制、自动伸缩/扩展
4)快速部署应用,快速扩展应用
5)无缝对接新的应用功能
6)节约资源、优化硬件资源的使用
2.kubernetes中的相关概念
2.1.Cluster
计算、存储和网络资源的集合,Kubernetes利用这些资源运行各种基于容器的应用
2.2Master
是Cluster的大脑,主要职责是调度,即决定将应用放在哪里运行。Master运行Linux操作系统,可以是物理机或者虚拟机。为了是实现高可用,可以运行多个Master。
2.3Node
职责是运行容器应用。Node 由 Master 管理,Node 负责监控并汇报容器的状态,并根据 Master 的要求管理容器的生命周期。Node 运行在 Linux 操作系统,可以是物理机或者是虚拟机。
2.4Pod
Pod 是 Kubernetes 的最小工作单元。每个 Pod 包含一个或多个容器。Pod 中的容器会作为一个整体被 Master 调度到一个 Node 上运行。
2.5Controller
Kubernetes 通常不会直接创建 Pod,而是通过 Controller 来管理 Pod 的。Controller 中定义了 Pod 的部署特性,比如有几个副本,在什么样的 Node 上运行等。为了满足不同的业务场景,
Kubernetes 提供了多种 Controller,包括 Deployment、ReplicaSet、DaemonSet、StatefuleSet、Job 等,
Deployment 是最常用的 Controller,比如前面在线教程中就是通过创建 Deployment 来部署应用的。Deployment 可以管理 Pod 的多个副本,并确保 Pod 按照期望的状态运行。
ReplicaSet 实现了 Pod 的多副本管理。使用 Deployment 时会自动创建 ReplicaSet,也就是说 Deployment 是通过 ReplicaSet 来管理 Pod 的多个副本,我们通常不需要直接使用
ReplicaSet。
DaemonSet 用于每个 Node 最多只运行一个 Pod 副本的场景。正如其名称所揭示的,DaemonSet 通常用于运行 daemon。
StatefuleSet 能够保证 Pod 的每个副本在整个生命周期中名称是不变的。而其他 Controller 不提供这个功能,当某个 Pod 发生故障需要删除并重新启动时,Pod 的名称会发生变化。
同时 StatefuleSet 会保证副本按照固定的顺序启动、更新或者删除。
Job 用于运行结束就删除的应用。而其他 Controller 中的 Pod 通常是长期持续运行。
安装Minikube
Linux
# 下载v0.24.1版本 curl -Lo minikube https://storage.googleapis.com/minikube/releases/v0.24.1/minikube-linux-amd64 && chmod +x minikube && sudo mv minikube /usr/local/bin/ # 也可以下载最新版,但可能和本文执行环境不一致,会有坑 curl -Lo minikube https://storage.googleapis.com/minikube/releases/latest/minikube-linux-amd64 && chmod +x minikube && sudo mv minikube /usr/local/bin/ minikube -h
安装Kubectl
kubectl即kubernetes的客户端,通过他可以进行类似docker run等容器管理操作
curl -Lo kubectl https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/$(curl -s https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl && chmod +x kubectl && sudo mv kubectl /usr/local/bin/ kubectl -h
查看版本
[root@yanglin5 ~]# minikube version minikube version: v1.0.1 [root@yanglin5 ~]# kubectl version Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"14", GitVersion:"v1.14.2", GitCommit:"66049e3b21efe110454d67df4fa62b08ea79a19b", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2019-05-16T16:23:09Z", GoVersion:"go1.12.5", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"} The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?
启动程序
启动minikube
minikube start
首次启动会下载localkube,下载过程可能会失败,会有如下提示,重试几次即可
Starting local Kubernetes v1.8.0 cluster... Starting VM... Downloading Minikube ISO 64.70 MB / 140.01 MB [====================>-----------------------] 46.21% 14s E0105 14:06:03.884826 10434 start.go:150] Error starting host: Error attempting to cache minikube ISO from URL: Error downloading Minikube ISO: failed to download: failed to download to temp file: failed to copy contents: read tcp 10.0.2.15:47048->172.217.24.16:443: read: connection reset by peer. ================================================================================ An error has occurred. Would you like to opt in to sending anonymized crash information to minikube to help prevent future errors? To opt out of these messages, run the command: minikube config set WantReportErrorPrompt false ================================================================================ Please enter your response [Y/n]:
如果下载成功,但是报了诸如VBoxManage not found这样的错误,如下
Starting local Kubernetes v1.8.0 cluster... Starting VM... Downloading Minikube ISO 140.01 MB / 140.01 MB [============================================] 100.00% 0s E0105 14:10:00.035369 10474 start.go:150] Error starting host: Error creating host: Error executing step: Running precreate checks. : VBoxManage not found. Make sure VirtualBox is installed and VBoxManage is in the path. Retrying. E0105 14:10:00.035780 10474 start.go:156] Error starting host: Error creating host: Error executing step: Running precreate checks. : VBoxManage not found. Make sure VirtualBox is installed and VBoxManage is in the path ================================================================================ An error has occurred. Would you like to opt in to sending anonymized crash information to minikube to help prevent future errors? To opt out of these messages, run the command: minikube config set WantReportErrorPrompt false ================================================================================ Please enter your response [Y/n]:
解决办法是安装 VirtualBox【对于windows或者mac】 再重新启动;当然如果你是Linux,也可以执行如下命令启动minikube,此时就不需要安装VirtualBox了。
因为minikube默认需要虚拟机来初始化kunernetes环境,但Linux是个例外,可以追加–vm-driver=none参数来使用自己的环境,说明见https://github.com/kubernetes/minikube#quickstart
# linux 下独有,不依赖虚拟机启动 sudo minikube start --vm-driver=none # 如果是Mac or Windows,安装VirtualBox后再重新start即可 sudo minikube start
如果安装了虚拟机,或者使用了–vm-driver=none参数,并且下载完毕,会有如下提示运行成功
Starting local Kubernetes v1.8.0 cluster... Starting VM... Getting VM IP address... Moving files into cluster... Downloading localkube binary 148.25 MB / 148.25 MB [============================================] 100.00% 0s 0 B / 65 B [----------------------------------------------------------] 0.00% 65 B / 65 B [======================================================] 100.00% 0sSetting up certs... Connecting to cluster... Setting up kubeconfig... Starting cluster components... Kubectl is now configured to use the cluster. =================== WARNING: IT IS RECOMMENDED NOT TO RUN THE NONE DRIVER ON PERSONAL WORKSTATIONS The ‘none‘ driver will run an insecure kubernetes apiserver as root that may leave the host vulnerable to CSRF attacks When using the none driver, the kubectl config and credentials generated will be root owned and will appear in the root home directory. You will need to move the files to the appropriate location and then set the correct permissions. An example of this is below: sudo mv /root/.kube $HOME/.kube # this will write over any previous configuration sudo chown -R $USER $HOME/.kube sudo chgrp -R $USER $HOME/.kube sudo mv /root/.minikube $HOME/.minikube # this will write over any previous configuration sudo chown -R $USER $HOME/.minikube sudo chgrp -R $USER $HOME/.minikube This can also be done automatically by setting the env var CHANGE_MINIKUBE_NONE_USER=true Loading cached images from config file.
启动一个容器服务