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Django 常用的 Web 应用程序工具

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Django 提供了多种开发 Web 应用程序所需的常用工具,如:缓存、日志、发送邮件、自定义认证等,更多可参考:<https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/2.2/>

1. 自定义权限

要为给定模型对象创建自定义权限,请使用 permissions 模型Meta属性

# 创建两个自定义权限,即用户可以或不可以Task对应用程序执行的操作的操作
class Task(models.Model):
    ...
    class Meta:
        permissions = [
            ("change_task_status", "可以改变任务的状态"),
            ("close_task", "可以通过将其状态设置为已关闭来删除任务"),
        ]

检查用户是否有某个权限:

user.has_perm('app.close_task')         # has_perm()  方法

更多权限可查看 auth_permission 表:

技术图片

2. 扩展现有 User模型

2.1 一对一关联 User

如果您希望存储与之相关的信息User,可以使用a OneToOneField到包含这些字段的模型以获取其他信息。这种一对一模型通常称为配置文件模型,因为它可能存储有关站点用户的非身份验证相关信息。例如,您可以创建一个Employee模型:

from django.contrib.auth.models import User

class Employee(models.Model):
    user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    department = models.CharField(max_length=100)

访问:

>>> u = User.objects.get(username='fsmith')
>>> freds_department = u.employee.department

要将配置文件模型的字段添加到管理员的用户页面,另外还需配置 admin.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin as BaseUserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.models import User

from my_user_profile_app.models import Employee

# Define an inline admin descriptor for Employee model
# which acts a bit like a singleton
class EmployeeInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = Employee
    can_delete = False
    verbose_name_plural = 'employee'

# Define a new User admin
class UserAdmin(BaseUserAdmin):
    inlines = (EmployeeInline,)

# Re-register UserAdmin
admin.site.unregister(User)
admin.site.register(User, UserAdmin)

2.2 替换自定义User模型

如果你不想用 auth_user 这个表名,你也可以在 settings 中 配置`

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'myapp.MyUser'

2.3 在启动项目时使用自定义用户模型

如果您要开始一个新项目,强烈建议您设置自定义用户模型,即使默认User模型足够您。此模型的行为与默认用户模型相同,但如果需要,您将来可以自定义它:

from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser

class User(AbstractUser):
    pass

别忘了指出AUTH_USER_MODEL它。在创建任何迁移或第一次运行之前执行此操作。manage.py migrate

此外,在应用程序中注册模型admin.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
from .models import User

admin.site.register(User, UserAdmin)

2.4 用户自定义认证

为了便于将Django的权限框架包含到您自己的用户类中,Django提供了PermissionsMixin。这是一个抽象模型,可以包含在用户模型的类层次结构中,为您提供支持Django权限模型所需的所有方法和数据库字段。

PermissionsMixin 提供了以下方法和属性:

  • is_superuser()
  • has_perm(perm):是否有指定权限
  • has_perms(perm_list):权限列表

除了上面三个还有很多,可以查看官网提供的文档或者源码:<https://docs.djangoproject.com/zh-hans/2.2/topics/auth/customizing/>

1、settings.py

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'crm.UserProfile'

2、models.py

models 中我们自定义用户认证,继承以下三个类,使得我们可以使用 Django 提供的权限工具、用户认证等工具。

  • BaseUserManager:提供创建普通、超级用户方法或属性
  • AbstractBaseUser:提供将密码加密、验证用户是否登录等方法或属性
  • PermissionsMixin:提供权限相关方法或属性
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import (
    BaseUserManager, AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin
)

class UserProfileManager(BaseUserManager):
    def create_user(self, email, name, password=None):
        """创建普通用户"""
        if not email:
            raise ValueError('用户必须有一个邮箱地址')

        user = self.model(
            email=self.normalize_email(email),
            name=name,
        )
        # 将密码明文变成密文(md5+salt)
        user.set_password(password)
        user.save(using=self._db)   # 保存
        return user

    def create_superuser(self, email, name, password):
        """创建超级用户"""
        user = self.create_user(
            email,
            password=password,
            name=name,
        )
        user.is_admin = True    
        user.save(using=self._db)
        return user


class UserProfile(AbstractBaseUser,PermissionsMixin):
    email = models.EmailField(
        verbose_name='邮箱',
        max_length=255,
        unique=True,
    )
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    role = models.ManyToManyField(Role, blank=True, null=True)
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
    is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    is_staff = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    # 创建普通用户和超级用户,关联上面的
    objects = UserProfileManager()

    USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
    #必须要有的字段
    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['name']

    def __str__(self):
        return self.email

    def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
        """判断用户是否有权限"""
        return True

    def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
        "判断用户是否有权查看 app `app_label`?"
        return True

    def get_full_name(self):
        # The user is identified by their email address
        return self.email

    def get_short_name(self):
        # The user is identified by their email address
        return self.email

    @property
    def is_staff(self):
        "Is the user a member of staff?"
        # Simplest possible answer: All admins are staff
        return self.is_admin

3、admin.py

from django import forms
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin as BaseUserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.forms import ReadOnlyPasswordHashField

from app01.models import UserProfile


class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
    """用于创建新用户的表单。 包括所有要求字段,加上重复的密码."""
    password1 = forms.CharField(label='Password', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
    password2 = forms.CharField(label='Password confirmation', widget=forms.PasswordInput)

    class Meta:
        model = UserProfile
        fields = ('email', 'name')

    # 进行验证
    def clean_password2(self):
        # Check that the two password entries match
        password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
        password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
        if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2:
            raise forms.ValidationError("两次密码不匹配")
        return password2

    def save(self, commit=True):
        # Save the provided password in hashed format
        # 继承基类的save()
        user = super(UserCreationForm, self).save(commit=False)
        # 把明文密码改成密文
        user.set_password(self.cleaned_data["password1"])
        if commit:
            user.save()
        return user


class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm):
    """用于更新用户的表单。 包括所有字段用户,但用admin's替换密码字段密码哈希显示字段.
    """
    # 把密码改成哈希的了
    password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField()

    class Meta:
        model = UserProfile
        fields = ('email', 'password', 'name', 'is_active', 'is_superuser')

    def clean_password(self):
        # Regardless of what the user provides, return the initial value.
        # This is done here, rather than on the field, because the
        # field does not have access to the initial value
        return self.initial["password"]


class UserProfileAdmin(BaseUserAdmin):
    # The forms to add and change user instances
    form = UserChangeForm
    add_form = UserCreationForm

    # The fields to be used in displaying the User model.
    # These override the definitions on the base UserAdmin
    # that reference specific fields on auth.User.
    list_display = ('email', 'name','is_superuser')
    list_filter = ('is_superuser',)
    fieldsets = (
        (None, {'fields': ('email', 'password')}),
        ('Personal info', {'fields': ('name',)}),
        ('Permissions', {'fields': ('is_staff','is_active','role','user_permissions','groups','is_superuser')}),
    )
    # add_fieldsets is not a standard ModelAdmin attribute. UserAdmin
    # overrides get_fieldsets to use this attribute when creating a user.
    add_fieldsets = (
        (None, {
            'classes': ('wide',),
            'fields': ('email', 'name', 'password1', 'password2')}
        ),
    )
    search_fields = ('email',)
    ordering = ('email',)
    filter_horizontal = ('role','user_permissions','groups')

# Now register the new UserProfileAdmin...
admin.site.register(UserProfile, UserProfileAdmin)
# ... and, since we're not using Django's built-in permissions,
# unregister the Group model from admin.
# admin.site.unregister(Group)

Django 常用的 Web 应用程序工具

标签:desc   ddr   uniq   file   because   md5   包含   form   min   

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/midworld/p/11380480.html

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