MachO文件详解--逆向开发

//
// Entry point for dyld.  The kernel loads dyld and jumps to __dyld_start which
// sets up some registers and call this function.
//
// Returns address of main() in target program which __dyld_start jumps to
//
uintptr_t
_main(const macho_header* mainExecutableMH, uintptr_t mainExecutableSlide, 
        int argc, const char* argv[], const char* envp[], const char* apple[], 
        uintptr_t* startGlue)
{
    // Grab the cdHash of the main executable from the environment
    // 第一步，设置运行环境
    uint8_t mainExecutableCDHashBuffer[20];
    const uint8_t* mainExecutableCDHash = nullptr;
    if ( hexToBytes(_simple_getenv(apple, "executable_cdhash"), 40, mainExecutableCDHashBuffer) )
        // 获取主程序的hash
        mainExecutableCDHash = mainExecutableCDHashBuffer;

    // Trace dyld‘s load
    notifyKernelAboutImage((macho_header*)&__dso_handle, _simple_getenv(apple, "dyld_file"));
#if !TARGET_IPHONE_SIMULATOR
    // Trace the main executable‘s load
    notifyKernelAboutImage(mainExecutableMH, _simple_getenv(apple, "executable_file"));
#endif

    uintptr_t result = 0;
    // 获取主程序的macho_header结构
    sMainExecutableMachHeader = mainExecutableMH;
    // 获取主程序的slide值
    sMainExecutableSlide = mainExecutableSlide;

    CRSetCrashLogMessage("dyld: launch started");
    // 设置上下文信息
    setContext(mainExecutableMH, argc, argv, envp, apple);

    // Pickup the pointer to the exec path.
    // 获取主程序路径
    sExecPath = _simple_getenv(apple, "executable_path");

    // <rdar://problem/13868260> Remove interim apple[0] transition code from dyld
    if (!sExecPath) sExecPath = apple[0];

    if ( sExecPath[0] != ‘/‘ ) {
        // have relative path, use cwd to make absolute
        char cwdbuff[MAXPATHLEN];
        if ( getcwd(cwdbuff, MAXPATHLEN) != NULL ) {
            // maybe use static buffer to avoid calling malloc so early...
            char* s = new char[strlen(cwdbuff) + strlen(sExecPath) + 2];
            strcpy(s, cwdbuff);
            strcat(s, "/");
            strcat(s, sExecPath);
            sExecPath = s;
        }
    }

    // Remember short name of process for later logging
    // 获取进程名称
    sExecShortName = ::strrchr(sExecPath, ‘/‘);
    if ( sExecShortName != NULL )
        ++sExecShortName;
    else
        sExecShortName = sExecPath;
    
    // 配置进程受限模式
    configureProcessRestrictions(mainExecutableMH);


    // 检测环境变量
    checkEnvironmentVariables(envp);
    defaultUninitializedFallbackPaths(envp);

    // 如果设置了DYLD_PRINT_OPTS则调用printOptions()打印参数
    if ( sEnv.DYLD_PRINT_OPTS )
        printOptions(argv);
    // 如果设置了DYLD_PRINT_ENV则调用printEnvironmentVariables()打印环境变量
    if ( sEnv.DYLD_PRINT_ENV ) 
        printEnvironmentVariables(envp);
    // 获取当前程序架构
    getHostInfo(mainExecutableMH, mainExecutableSlide);
    //-------------第一步结束-------------
    
    // load shared cache
    // 第二步，加载共享缓存
    // 检查共享缓存是否开启，iOS必须开启
    checkSharedRegionDisable((mach_header*)mainExecutableMH);
    if ( gLinkContext.sharedRegionMode != ImageLoader::kDontUseSharedRegion ) {
        mapSharedCache();
    }
    ...

    try {
        // add dyld itself to UUID list
        addDyldImageToUUIDList();

        // instantiate ImageLoader for main executable
        // 第三步 实例化主程序
        sMainExecutable = instantiateFromLoadedImage(mainExecutableMH, mainExecutableSlide, sExecPath);
        gLinkContext.mainExecutable = sMainExecutable;
        gLinkContext.mainExecutableCodeSigned = hasCodeSignatureLoadCommand(mainExecutableMH);

        // Now that shared cache is loaded, setup an versioned dylib overrides
    #if SUPPORT_VERSIONED_PATHS
        checkVersionedPaths();
    #endif


        // dyld_all_image_infos image list does not contain dyld
        // add it as dyldPath field in dyld_all_image_infos
        // for simulator, dyld_sim is in image list, need host dyld added
#if TARGET_IPHONE_SIMULATOR
        // get path of host dyld from table of syscall vectors in host dyld
        void* addressInDyld = gSyscallHelpers;
#else
        // get path of dyld itself
        void*  addressInDyld = (void*)&__dso_handle;
#endif
        char dyldPathBuffer[MAXPATHLEN+1];
        int len = proc_regionfilename(getpid(), (uint64_t)(long)addressInDyld, dyldPathBuffer, MAXPATHLEN);
        if ( len > 0 ) {
            dyldPathBuffer[len] = ‘\0‘; // proc_regionfilename() does not zero terminate returned string
            if ( strcmp(dyldPathBuffer, gProcessInfo->dyldPath) != 0 )
                gProcessInfo->dyldPath = strdup(dyldPathBuffer);
        }

        // load any inserted libraries
        // 第四步 加载插入的动态库
        if  ( sEnv.DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES != NULL ) {
            for (const char* const* lib = sEnv.DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES; *lib != NULL; ++lib)
                loadInsertedDylib(*lib);
        }
        // record count of inserted libraries so that a flat search will look at 
        // inserted libraries, then main, then others.
        // 记录插入的动态库数量
        sInsertedDylibCount = sAllImages.size()-1;

        // link main executable
        // 第五步 链接主程序
        gLinkContext.linkingMainExecutable = true;
#if SUPPORT_ACCELERATE_TABLES
        if ( mainExcutableAlreadyRebased ) {
            // previous link() on main executable has already adjusted its internal pointers for ASLR
            // work around that by rebasing by inverse amount
            sMainExecutable->rebase(gLinkContext, -mainExecutableSlide);
        }
#endif
        link(sMainExecutable, sEnv.DYLD_BIND_AT_LAUNCH, true, ImageLoader::RPathChain(NULL, NULL), -1);
        sMainExecutable->setNeverUnloadRecursive();
        if ( sMainExecutable->forceFlat() ) {
            gLinkContext.bindFlat = true;
            gLinkContext.prebindUsage = ImageLoader::kUseNoPrebinding;
        }

        // link any inserted libraries
        // do this after linking main executable so that any dylibs pulled in by inserted 
        // dylibs (e.g. libSystem) will not be in front of dylibs the program uses
        // 第六步 链接插入的动态库
        if ( sInsertedDylibCount > 0 ) {
            for(unsigned int i=0; i < sInsertedDylibCount; ++i) {
                ImageLoader* image = sAllImages[i+1];
                link(image, sEnv.DYLD_BIND_AT_LAUNCH, true, ImageLoader::RPathChain(NULL, NULL), -1);
                image->setNeverUnloadRecursive();
            }
            // only INSERTED libraries can interpose
            // register interposing info after all inserted libraries are bound so chaining works
            for(unsigned int i=0; i < sInsertedDylibCount; ++i) {
                ImageLoader* image = sAllImages[i+1];
                image->registerInterposing();
            }
        }

        // <rdar://problem/19315404> dyld should support interposition even without DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
        for (long i=sInsertedDylibCount+1; i < sAllImages.size(); ++i) {
            ImageLoader* image = sAllImages[i];
            if ( image->inSharedCache() )
                continue;
            image->registerInterposing();
        }
        ...

        // apply interposing to initial set of images
        for(int i=0; i < sImageRoots.size(); ++i) {
            sImageRoots[i]->applyInterposing(gLinkContext);
        }
        gLinkContext.linkingMainExecutable = false;
        
        // <rdar://problem/12186933> do weak binding only after all inserted images linked
        // 第七步 执行弱符号绑定
        sMainExecutable->weakBind(gLinkContext);

        // If cache has branch island dylibs, tell debugger about them
        if ( (sSharedCacheLoadInfo.loadAddress != NULL) && (sSharedCacheLoadInfo.loadAddress->header.mappingOffset >= 0x78) && (sSharedCacheLoadInfo.loadAddress->header.branchPoolsOffset != 0) ) {
            uint32_t count = sSharedCacheLoadInfo.loadAddress->header.branchPoolsCount;
            dyld_image_info info[count];
            const uint64_t* poolAddress = (uint64_t*)((char*)sSharedCacheLoadInfo.loadAddress + sSharedCacheLoadInfo.loadAddress->header.branchPoolsOffset);
            // <rdar://problem/20799203> empty branch pools can be in development cache
            if ( ((mach_header*)poolAddress)->magic == sMainExecutableMachHeader->magic ) {
                for (int poolIndex=0; poolIndex < count; ++poolIndex) {
                    uint64_t poolAddr = poolAddress[poolIndex] + sSharedCacheLoadInfo.slide;
                    info[poolIndex].imageLoadAddress = (mach_header*)(long)poolAddr;
                    info[poolIndex].imageFilePath = "dyld_shared_cache_branch_islands";
                    info[poolIndex].imageFileModDate = 0;
                }
                // add to all_images list
                addImagesToAllImages(count, info);
                // tell gdb about new branch island images
                gProcessInfo->notification(dyld_image_adding, count, info);
            }
        }

        CRSetCrashLogMessage("dyld: launch, running initializers");
        ...
        // run all initializers
        // 第八步 执行初始化方法
        initializeMainExecutable(); 

        // notify any montoring proccesses that this process is about to enter main()
        dyld3::kdebug_trace_dyld_signpost(DBG_DYLD_SIGNPOST_START_MAIN_DYLD2, 0, 0);
        notifyMonitoringDyldMain();

        // find entry point for main executable
        // 第九步 查找入口点并返回
        result = (uintptr_t)sMainExecutable->getThreadPC();
        if ( result != 0 ) {
            // main executable uses LC_MAIN, needs to return to glue in libdyld.dylib
            if ( (gLibSystemHelpers != NULL) && (gLibSystemHelpers->version >= 9) )
                *startGlue = (uintptr_t)gLibSystemHelpers->startGlueToCallExit;
            else
                halt("libdyld.dylib support not present for LC_MAIN");
        }
        else {
            // main executable uses LC_UNIXTHREAD, dyld needs to let "start" in program set up for main()
            result = (uintptr_t)sMainExecutable->getMain();
            *startGlue = 0;
        }
    }
    catch(const char* message) {
        syncAllImages();
        halt(message);
    }
    catch(...) {
        dyld::log("dyld: launch failed\n");
    }
    ...
    
    return result;
}