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目录
灾难恢复:硬件故障、软件故障、自然灾害、黑客攻击、误操作测试等数据丢失场景
能容忍最多丢失多少数据
恢复数据需要在多长时间内完成
需要恢复哪些数据
做还原测试,用于测试备份的可用性
还原演练
* 完全备份,部分备份
完全备份:整个数据集
部分备份:只备份数据子集,如部分库或表
* 完全备份、增量备份、差异备份
增量备份:仅备份最近一次完全备份或增量备份(如果存在增量)以来变化的数据,备份较快,还原复杂
差异备份:仅备份最近一次完全备份以来变化的数据,备份较慢,还原简单
* 注意:二进制日志文件不应该与数据文件放在同一磁盘
* 冷、温、热备份
冷备:读、写操作均不可进行
温备:读操作可执行;但写操作不可执行
热备:读、写操作均可执行
MyISAM:温备,不支持热备
InnoDB:都支持
* 物理和逻辑备份
物理备份:直接复制数据文件进行备份,与存储引擎有关,占用较多的空间,速度快
逻辑备份:从数据库中“导出”数据另存而进行的备份,与存储引擎无关,占用空间少,速度慢,可能丢失精度
温备的持锁多久
备份产生的负载
备份过程的时长
恢复过程的时长
数据
二进制日志、InnoDB的事务日志
程序代码(存储过程、函数、触发器、事件调度器)
服务器的配置文件
cp, tar等复制归档工具:物理备份工具,适用所有存储引擎;只支持冷备;完全和部分备份
LVM的快照:先加锁,做快照后解锁,几乎热备;借助文件系统工具进行备份
mysqldump:逻辑备份工具,适用所有存储引擎,温备;支持完全或部分备份;对InnoDB存储引擎支持热备,结合binlog的增量备份
xtrabackup:由Percona提供支持对InnoDB做热备(物理备份)的工具,支持完全备份、增量备份
MariaDB Backup: 从MariaDB 10.1.26开始集成,基于Percona XtraBackup 2.3.8实现
mysqlbackup:热备份, MySQL Enterprise Edition组件
mysqlhotcopy:PERL 语言实现,几乎冷备,仅适用于MyISAM存储引擎,使用LOCK TABLES、
FLUSH TABLES和cp或scp来快速备份数据库
[root@centos7 ~]#ss -ntl # 确定3306端口关闭
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:111 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:6000 *:*
LISTEN 0 5 192.168.122.1:53 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:631 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6011 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6012 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::111 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::6000 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:631 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6010 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6011 :::*
LISTEN 0 128 ::1:6012 :::*
# 没关闭使用这条命令关闭
[root@centos7 ~]#systemctl stop mariadb
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; # 备份前建立一个数据库或表用以测试是否可以还原成功
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| db1 |
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@centos7 data]#tar -zcvf mysql-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M).tar.gz /data/mysql/*
[root@centos7 data]#ll # 打包成带时间格式
total 1324
drwxr-xr-x 4 mysql root 336 Nov 29 20:04 mysql
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1355106 Nov 29 20:10 mysql-20191130-1144.tar.gz
[root@centos7 data]#scp mysql-20191130-1144.tar.gz 192.168.39.57:/data/
The authenticity of host '192.168.39.57 (192.168.39.57)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:vYJfaHhadE2ci7V5WRkZJ6iDUkQFzoZPmny56D9qKfI.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:22:72:17:9a:a8:93:1a:02:d8:09:17:f4:85:fe:b3:f5.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.39.57' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.39.57's password:
mysql-20191130-1144.tar.gz 100% 1323KB 100.2MB/s 00:00
[root@centos7 data]#ls # 查看一下
mysql-20191130-1144.tar.gz
[root@centos7 ~]# mkdir /backup
[root@centos7 ~]# tar zxvf /data/mysql-20191130-1227.tar.gz -C /backup
[root@centos7 backup]# tree # 查看一下文件是否拷贝过来了
.
└── data
└── mysql
├── aria_log.00000001
├── aria_log_control
├── db1
│ └── db.opt
├── ib_buffer_pool
├── ibdata1
├── ib_logfile0
├── ib_logfile1
├── multi-master.info
├── mysql
│ ├── columns_priv.frm
│ ├── columns_priv.MYD
│ ├── columns_priv.MYI
│ ├── column_stats.frm
│ ├── column_stats.MYD
│ ├── column_stats.MYI
│ ├── db.frm
│ ├── db.MYD
│ ├── db.MYI
│ ├── db.opt
│ ├── event.frm
│ ├── event.MYD
[root@centos7 mysql]# ll # 查看一下MySQL的目录
total 110668
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 16384 Nov 30 11:44 aria_log.00000001
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 52 Nov 30 11:44 aria_log_control
drwx------ 2 987 981 20 Nov 30 11:43 db1
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 942 Nov 30 11:44 ib_buffer_pool
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 12582912 Nov 30 11:44 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 50331648 Nov 30 11:44 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 50331648 Nov 19 16:41 ib_logfile1
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 0 Nov 19 16:57 multi-master.info
drwx------ 2 987 981 4096 Nov 19 16:41 mysql
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 29310 Nov 19 16:41 mysql-bin.000001
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 1685 Nov 30 11:35 mysql-bin.000002
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 492 Nov 30 11:44 mysql-bin.000003
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 57 Nov 30 11:41 mysql-bin.index
-rw-rw---- 1 987 981 7 Nov 30 11:44 mysql-bin.state
drwx------ 2 987 981 20 Nov 19 16:41 performance_schema
[root@centos7 mysql]# mv * /var/lib/mysql/ # 移动到原有目录下
[root@centos7 mysql]# systemctl start mariadb.service # 启动服务
[root@centos7 mysql]# mysql # 登录数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; # 之前创建的数据库还在代表还原成功
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysqldump, mydumper, phpMyAdmin
Schema和数据存储在一起、巨大的SQL语句、单个巨大的备份文件
mysqldump:是MySQL的客户端命令,通过mysql协议连接至mysql服务器进行备份
mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables]
mysqldump [OPTIONS] –B DB1 [DB2 DB3...]
mysqldump [OPTIONS] –A [OPTIONS]
mysqldump参考:
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/mysqldump.html
-A, --all-databases #
-B, --databases db_name… #指定备份的数据库,包括create database语句
-E, --events:#备份相关的所有event scheduler
-R, --routines:#备份所有存储过程和自定义函数
--triggers:#备份表相关触发器,默认启用,用--skip-triggers,不备份触发器
--default-character-set=utf8 #指定字符集
--master-data[=#]: #此选项须启用二进制日志
#1:所备份的数据之前加一条记录为CHANGE MASTER TO语句,非注释,不指定#,默认为1
#2:记录为注释的CHANGE MASTER TO语句
#此选项会自动关闭--lock-tables功能,自动打开-x | --lock-all-tables功能(除非开启-- single-transaction)
-F, --flush-logs #备份前滚动日志,锁定表完成后,执行flush logs命令,生成新的二进制日志文 件,配合-A 或 -B
选项时,会导致刷新多次数据库。建议在同一时刻执行转储和日志刷新,可通过和-- single-transaction或-x,--master-data 一起使用实现,此时只刷新一次二进制日志
--compact #去掉注释,适合调试,生产不使用
-d, --no-data #只备份表结构
-t, --no-create-info #只备份数据,不备份create table
-n,--no-create-db #不备份create database,可被-A或-B覆盖
--flush-privileges #备份mysql或相关时需要使用
-f, --force #忽略SQL错误,继续执行
--hex-blob #使用十六进制符号转储二进制列,当有包括BINARY, VARBINARY,BLOB,BIT的数 据类型的列时使用,避免乱码
-q, --quick #不缓存查询,直接输出,加快备份速度
[root@centos7 ~]# mysqldump --help # 有三种格式
mysqldump Ver 10.14 Distrib 5.5.60-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Dumping structure and contents of MySQL databases and tables.
Usage: mysqldump [OPTIONS] database [tables]
OR mysqldump [OPTIONS] --databases [OPTIONS] DB1 [DB2 DB3...]
OR mysqldump [OPTIONS] --all-databases [OPTIONS]
[root@centos7 ~]# mysqldump -uroo hellodb students # 备份hellodb数据库的students表 (要指定用户和密码,没设置密码不用指定)不加表名就备份数据库。
-- MySQL dump 10.14 Distrib 5.5.60-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64)
--
-- Host: localhost Database: hellodb
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- Server version 5.5.60-MariaDB
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
mysqldump: Got error: 1044: "Access denied for user ''@'localhost' to database 'hellodb'" when selecting the database
[root@centos7 ~]# mysqldump hellodb > /data/hellodb.sql # 先导出数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> drop database hellodb; # 删除库
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; # 查看已经删除掉了
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> create database hello; # 创建一个数据库名字不一样都可以
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> use hello # 进入创建的数据库
Database changed
MariaDB [hello]> source /data/hellodb.sql # 把sql脚本读入到这个库里
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [hello]> show tables; # 查看表,表都在。
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_hello |
+-----------------+
| classes |
| coc |
| courses |
| scores |
| students |
| teachers |
| toc |
+-----------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这种方法可以恢复,但是数据库的格式和字符集都是默认的,这种方法不建议用。
[root@centos7 ~]# mysqldump -B hellodb mysql > /data/hellodb_mysql.sql # 导出生成sql脚本,最好加上时间格式。
[root@centos7 ~]# vim /data/hellodb_mysql.sql # 查看一下这个文件
# 这个sql脚本里面有这一行是用来创建库和定义库的格式的,加上-B才会有这一行。
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `hellodb` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */;
USE `hellodb`;
MariaDB [(none)]> show create database hellodb; # 查看hellodb数据库的字符集和格式
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| hellodb | CREATE DATABASE `hellodb` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */ |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
[root@centos7 ~]# scp /data/hellodb_mysql.sql 192.168.39.27:/root
root@192.168.39.27's password:
hellodb_mysql.sql 100% 509KB 85.6MB/s 00:00
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; # 远程主机的数据库
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> source /root/hellodb_mysql.sql # 导入sql脚本
MariaDB [mysql]> show databases; # 查看数据库生成
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [mysql]> show create database hellodb; # 查看hellodb字符集,是和原本一摸一样的。
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| hellodb | CREATE DATABASE `hellodb` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */ |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
[root@centos7 ~]# mysqldump -A |gzip > /data/All.sql.gz # 备份连带压缩一起执行
[root@centos7 ~]# ll /data/
total 140
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 140945 Nov 30 16:00 All.sql.gz
# 还原下面会做现在就解释一下。
[root@centos7 ~]# mysqldump -A --master-data=2 |gzip > /data/all_'date +%F'.sql.gz
mysqldump: Error: Binlogging on server not active
# 上面不成功是因为二进制日志没有启用
# 事先创建好二进制日志存放的路径
[root@centos7 ~]# chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql/ # 创建完路径记得更改权限
[root@centos7 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf # 修改配置文件
[mysqld]
log-bin=/data/mysql/bin_log # 指定二进制日志存放路径(最好和数据库是分开的) 最后的是指定日志的前缀。
[root@centos7 ~]# systemctl restart mariadb.service # 重启服务
[root@centos7 ~]# mysqldump -A --master-data=2 |gzip > /data/all_`ate +%F`.sql.gz
[root@centos7 ~]# ll /data/
total 140
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 141043 Nov 30 16:29 all_2019-11-30.sql.gz
MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> insert students (name,age,gender)value('a',20,'M');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from students;
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | Shi Zhongyu | 22 | M | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | Shi Potian | 22 | M | 1 | 7 |
| 3 | Xie Yanke | 53 | M | 2 | 16 |
| 4 | Ding Dian | 32 | M | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Yu Yutong | 26 | M | 3 | 1 |
| 6 | Shi Qing | 46 | M | 5 | NULL |
| 7 | Xi Ren | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 8 | Lin Daiyu | 17 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 9 | Ren Yingying | 20 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 10 | Yue Lingshan | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 11 | Yuan Chengzhi | 23 | M | 6 | NULL |
| 12 | Wen Qingqing | 19 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 13 | Tian Boguang | 33 | M | 2 | NULL |
| 14 | Lu Wushuang | 17 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 15 | Duan Yu | 19 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 16 | Xu Zhu | 21 | M | 1 | NULL |
| 17 | Lin Chong | 25 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 18 | Hua Rong | 23 | M | 7 | NULL |
| 19 | Xue Baochai | 18 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 20 | Diao Chan | 19 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 21 | Huang Yueying | 22 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 22 | Xiao Qiao | 20 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 23 | Ma Chao | 23 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 24 | Xu Xian | 27 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 25 | Sun Dasheng | 100 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 26 | a | 20 | M | NULL | NULL |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
26 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [hellodb]> grant all on hellodb.* to test@'192.168.39.%' identified by 'centos'; # 创建一个账号
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
[root@centos7 ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/* # 删除数据库
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql # 登录不上了
ERROR 2002 (HY000): Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock' (2)
[root@centos7 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/ # 数据库没有了
total 0
[root@centos7 ~]# ll /data/mysql/ # 二进制文件独立出来了
total 12
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 264 Nov 30 16:26 bin_log.000001
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 637 Nov 30 16:35 bin_log.000002
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 54 Nov 30 16:26 bin_log.index
[root@centos7 ~]# systemctl restart mariadb.service # 重启服务就可以
# 新版本在重新启用服务的时候不会重新启用数据库
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql_install_db --user=mysql # 使用这条命令在新版上面生成数据库
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]>
[root@centos7 ~]# ll /var/lib/mysql/ # 查看库是否生成
total 37852
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 16384 Nov 30 16:42 aria_log.00000001
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 52 Nov 30 16:42 aria_log_control
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Nov 30 16:42 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Nov 30 16:42 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Nov 30 16:42 ib_logfile1
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Nov 30 16:42 mysql
srwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 0 Nov 30 16:42 mysql.sock
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Nov 30 16:42 performance_schema
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 6 Nov 30 16:42 test
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@centos7 data]# ls
all_2019-11-30.sql.gz mysql
[root@centos7 data]# gzip -d all_2019-11-30.sql.gz
[root@centos7 data]# ls
all_2019-11-30.sql mysql
MariaDB [(none)]> set sql_log_bin=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> source /data/all_2019-11-30.sql
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
.......(省略)
MariaDB [test]> show databases; # 完全备份之前建立的库是在的
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hello |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [test]> use hellodb;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from students; # 但是在这个表上添加的记录没有了
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | Shi Zhongyu | 22 | M | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | Shi Potian | 22 | M | 1 | 7 |
| 3 | Xie Yanke | 53 | M | 2 | 16 |
| 4 | Ding Dian | 32 | M | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Yu Yutong | 26 | M | 3 | 1 |
| 6 | Shi Qing | 46 | M | 5 | NULL |
| 7 | Xi Ren | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 8 | Lin Daiyu | 17 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 9 | Ren Yingying | 20 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 10 | Yue Lingshan | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 11 | Yuan Chengzhi | 23 | M | 6 | NULL |
| 12 | Wen Qingqing | 19 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 13 | Tian Boguang | 33 | M | 2 | NULL |
| 14 | Lu Wushuang | 17 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 15 | Duan Yu | 19 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 16 | Xu Zhu | 21 | M | 1 | NULL |
| 17 | Lin Chong | 25 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 18 | Hua Rong | 23 | M | 7 | NULL |
| 19 | Xue Baochai | 18 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 20 | Diao Chan | 19 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 21 | Huang Yueying | 22 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 22 | Xiao Qiao | 20 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 23 | Ma Chao | 23 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 24 | Xu Xian | 27 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 25 | Sun Dasheng | 100 | M | NULL | NULL |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
25 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@centos7 data]# grep '^-- CHANGE MASTER TO' /data/all_2019-11-30.sql # 查找以这个开头的行
-- CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='bin_log.000002', MASTER_LOG_POS=245; # 最后的数字确定丢失起点位置
[root@centos7 mysql]# ll
total 1064
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 264 Nov 30 16:26 bin_log.000001
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 656 Nov 30 16:42 bin_log.000002 # 要这个文件245之后的
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 30373 Nov 30 16:42 bin_log.000003 # 和这个文件全部内容
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 1038814 Nov 30 16:42 bin_log.000004
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 245 Nov 30 16:42 bin_log.000005
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 135 Nov 30 16:42 bin_log.index
[root@centos7 mysql]# mysqlbinlog bin_log.000002 --start-position=245 > inc.sql
[root@centos7 mysql]# mysqlbinlog bin_log.000003 >> inc.sql
# 顺序不要错了
[root@centos7 mysql]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> use hellodb;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
MariaDB [hellodb]> source /data/mysql/inc.sql # 导入二进制脚本
MariaDB [hellodb]> select * from students;
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| StuID | Name | Age | Gender | ClassID | TeacherID |
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | Shi Zhongyu | 22 | M | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | Shi Potian | 22 | M | 1 | 7 |
| 3 | Xie Yanke | 53 | M | 2 | 16 |
| 4 | Ding Dian | 32 | M | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Yu Yutong | 26 | M | 3 | 1 |
| 6 | Shi Qing | 46 | M | 5 | NULL |
| 7 | Xi Ren | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 8 | Lin Daiyu | 17 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 9 | Ren Yingying | 20 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 10 | Yue Lingshan | 19 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 11 | Yuan Chengzhi | 23 | M | 6 | NULL |
| 12 | Wen Qingqing | 19 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 13 | Tian Boguang | 33 | M | 2 | NULL |
| 14 | Lu Wushuang | 17 | F | 3 | NULL |
| 15 | Duan Yu | 19 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 16 | Xu Zhu | 21 | M | 1 | NULL |
| 17 | Lin Chong | 25 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 18 | Hua Rong | 23 | M | 7 | NULL |
| 19 | Xue Baochai | 18 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 20 | Diao Chan | 19 | F | 7 | NULL |
| 21 | Huang Yueying | 22 | F | 6 | NULL |
| 22 | Xiao Qiao | 20 | F | 1 | NULL |
| 23 | Ma Chao | 23 | M | 4 | NULL |
| 24 | Xu Xian | 27 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 25 | Sun Dasheng | 100 | M | NULL | NULL |
| 26 | a | 20 | M | NULL | NULL | # 添加的a记录回来了
+-------+---------------+-----+--------+---------+-----------+
26 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [hellodb]> select user,host,password from mysql.user;
+------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| user | host | password |
+------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
| root | localhost | |
| root | centos7.localdomain | |
| root | 127.0.0.1 | |
| root | ::1 | |
| | localhost | |
| | centos7.localdomain | |
| test | 192.168.39.% | *128977E278358FF80A246B5046F51043A2B1FCED | # 添加的账户也还原回来了
+------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [hellodb]> set sql_log_bin=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
还原的时候,数据库必须是不能访问的状态,数据库的二进制日志就是备份。
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hello |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql -uroot -e 'show databases'|grep -Ev '^(Database|information_schema|performance_schema)$'
db1
hello
hellodb
mysql
test
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql -uroot -e 'show databases'|grep -Ev '^(Database|information_schema|performance_schema)$'|while read db;do mysqldump -B $db|gzip > /data/$db.sql.gz;done
[root@centos7 ~]# ll /data/
total 156
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 516 Nov 30 17:31 db1.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1898 Nov 30 17:31 hellodb.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1892 Nov 30 17:31 hello.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 139603 Nov 30 17:31 mysql.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 516 Nov 30 17:31 test.sql.gz
[root@centos7 ~]# for db in `mysql -uroot -e 'show databases'|grep -Ev '^(Database|information_schema|performance_schema)$'`;do mysqldump -B $db|gzip > /data/$db.sql.gz;done
[root@centos7 ~]# ll -t /data/
total 156
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 516 Nov 30 17:34 test.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 139603 Nov 30 17:34 mysql.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1898 Nov 30 17:34 hellodb.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1892 Nov 30 17:34 hello.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 516 Nov 30 17:34 db1.sql.gz
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql -uroot -e 'show databases'|grep -Ev '^(Database|information_schema|performance_schema)$' | sed -rn 's#(.*)#mysqldump -B \1 |gzip > /data/\1.sql.gz#p'|bash
[root@centos7 ~]# ll -t /data/
total 156
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 517 Nov 30 17:37 test.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 139603 Nov 30 17:37 mysql.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1898 Nov 30 17:37 hellodb.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1892 Nov 30 17:37 hello.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 516 Nov 30 17:37 db1.sql.gz
[root@centos7 ~]# mysql -uroot -e 'show databases'|sed -rn '/^(Database|information_schema|performance_schema)$/!s#(.*)#mysqldump -B \1 |gzip > /data/\1.sql.gz#p' |bash
[root@centos7 ~]# ll -t /data/
total 156
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 516 Nov 30 17:43 test.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 139600 Nov 30 17:43 mysql.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1898 Nov 30 17:43 hellodb.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1892 Nov 30 17:43 hello.sql.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 516 Nov 30 17:43 db1.sql.gz
分库备份可以编写成脚本,配合计划任务使用。(最好备份的包加上时间格式要不容易覆盖掉)
MyISAM不支持事务,只能支持温备;不支持热备,所以必须先锁定要备份的库,而后启动备份操作
-x,--lock-all-tables #加全局读锁,锁定所有库的所有表,同时加--single-transaction或--
lock-tables选项会关闭此选项功能
#注意:数据量大时,可能会导致长时间无法并发访问数据库
-l,--lock-tables #对于需要备份的每个数据库,在启动备份之前分别锁定其所有表,默认为on,--
skip-lock-tables选项可禁用,对备份MyISAM的多个库,可能会造成数据不一致
#注:以上选项对InnoDB表一样生效,实现温备,但不推荐使用
InnoDB 存储引擎支持事务,可以利用事务的相应的隔离级别,实现热备,也可以实现温备但不建议用
--single-transaction
#此选项Innodb中推荐使用,不适用MyISAM,此选项会开始备份前,先执行START TRANSACTION指令开启
事务
#此选项通过在单个事务中转储所有表来创建一致的快照。 仅适用于存储在支持多版本控制的存储引擎中的表
(目前只有InnoDB可以); 转储不保证与其他存储引擎保持一致。 在进行单事务转储时,要确保有效的转储
文件(正确的表内容和二进制日志位置),没有其他连接应该使用以下语句:ALTER TABLE,DROP
TABLE,RENAME TABLE,TRUNCATE TABLE,此选项和--lock-tables(此选项隐含提交挂起的事务)选
项是相互排斥,备份大型表时,建议将--single-transaction选项和--quick结合一起使用
mysqldump –uroot -p –A –F –E –R --single-transaction --master-data=1 --flushprivileges
--triggers --default-character-set=utf8 --hex-blob
>${BACKUP}/fullbak_${BACKUP_TIME}.sql
mysqldump –uroot -p –A –F –E –R –x --master-data=1 --flush-privileges --
triggers --default-character-set=utf8 --hex-blob
>${BACKUP}/fullbak_${BACKUP_TIME}.sql
范例:完全备份和还原
#开启二进制日志
[root@centos8 ~]#vim /etc/my.cnf.d/mariadb-server.cnf
[mysqld]
log-bin
#备份
[root@centos8 ~]#mysqldump -uroot -p -A -F --single-transaction --master-data=2
|gzip > /backup/all-`date +%F`.sql.gz
#还原
[root@centos8 backup]#dnf install mariadb-server
[root@centos8 backup]#gzip -d all-2019-11-27.sql.gz
[root@centos8 ~]#mysql
MariaDB [(none)]> set sql_log_bin=off;
MariaDB [(none)]> source /backup/all-2019-11-27.sql
MariaDB [(none)]> set sql_log_bin=on;
范例:mysqldump 和二进制日志结合实现增量备份
[root@centos8 ~]#mysqldump -uroot -p -A -F --single-transaction --master-data=2
|gzip > /backup/all-`date +%F`.sql.gz
#观察备份文件中的二进制文件和位置,将之后的二进制日志进行复制备份
[root@centos8 ~]#cp /var/lib/mysql/mariadb-bin.000003 /backup
[root@centos8 ~]#mysqlbinlog --start-position=389 /backup/mariadb-bin.000003 >
/backup/inc.sql
[root@centos7 ~]# mysqldump -A -F --single-transaction --master-data=2 |gzip > /backup/allbackup_`date +%F_%T`.sql.gz
[root@centos7 ~]# ll /backup/
total 140
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 141141 Nov 30 18:03 allbackup_2019-11-30_18:03:08.sql.gz
MariaDB [db1]> create table test ( id int unsigned auto_increment primary key,name varchar(10) not null,mobile char(11) not null ); # 创建一张表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [db1]> show tables; # 查看库里的所有表
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| test |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [db1]> insert test (name) values('rose'); # 添加记录
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [db1]> insert test (name) values('jack'); # 添加记录
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [db1]> select * from test; # 查看添加的记录
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | mobile |
+----+------+--------+
| 1 | rose | |
| 2 | jack | |
+----+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [db1]> drop table test;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
MariaDB [db1]> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
[root@centos7 ~]# cd /backup/
[root@centos7 backup]# ll
total 140
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 141141 Nov 30 18:03 allbackup_2019-11-30_18:03:08.sql.gz
[root@centos7 backup]# gzip -d allbackup_2019-11-30_18\:03\:08.sql.gz
[root@centos7 backup]# ll
total 520
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 528632 Nov 30 18:03 allbackup_2019-11-30_18:03:08.sql
[root@centos7 backup]# grep '\-\- CHANGE MASTER TO' /backup/allbackup_2019-11-30_18\:03\:08.sql
-- CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_LOG_FILE='bin_log.000006', MASTER_LOG_POS=245;
[root@centos7 backup]#
[root@centos7 backup]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=245 /data/mysql/bin_log.000006 > /backup/inc.sql
[root@centos7 backup]# ll /backup/
total 524
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 528632 Nov 30 18:03 allbackup_2019-11-30_18:03:08.sql
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2791 Nov 30 18:20 inc.sql
[root@centos7 backup]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=245 /data/mysql/bin_log.000006|grep -i drop
DROP TABLE `test` /* generated by server */
[root@centos7 backup]# mysqlbinlog --start-position=245 /data/mysql/bin_log.000006|grep -C3 -i drop
# at 856 # 这个位置
#191130 18:07:32 server id 1 end_log_pos 961 Query thread_id=35 exec_time=error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1575108452/*!*/;
DROP TABLE `test` /* generated by server */
/*!*/;
DELIMITER ;
# End of log file
[root@centos7 backup]# vim /backup/inc.sql
# at 856
#191130 18:07:32 server id 1 end_log_pos 961 Query thread_id=35 exec_time=0 error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1575108452/*!*/;
#DROP TABLE `test` /* generated by server */ # 这行注释掉其他的可以不用管
/*!*/;
DELIMITER ;
# End of log file
[root@centos7 backup]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/* # 删除数据库
[root@centos7 backup]# systemctl restart mariadb.service # 重启服务生成数据库
[root@centos7 backup]# ll /var/lib/mysql/
total 37852
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 16384 Nov 30 18:33 aria_log.00000001
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 52 Nov 30 18:33 aria_log_control
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 18874368 Nov 30 18:33 ibdata1
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Nov 30 18:33 ib_logfile0
-rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 5242880 Nov 30 18:33 ib_logfile1
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Nov 30 18:33 mysql
srwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 0 Nov 30 18:33 mysql.sock
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Nov 30 18:33 performance_schema
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 6 Nov 30 18:33 test
[root@centos7 backup]# mysql
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> set sql_log_bin=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> source /backup/allbackup_2019-11-30_18:03:08.sql
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
.....(省略)
MariaDB [test]> show databases; # 查看数据库是否还原
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| db1 |
| hello |
| hellodb |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [test]> source /backup/inc.sql
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Database changed
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Charset changed
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
ERROR at line 65 in file: '/backup/inc.sql': No query specified # 这里没有执行就是我注释掉的drop命令(报错不用管)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [db1]> set sql_log_bin=1; # 确保数据还原完毕再打开
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [db1]> show tables; # 表没有被删掉
+---------------+
| Tables_in_db1 |
+---------------+
| test |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [db1]> select * from test; # 添加的记录也在
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | mobile |
+----+------+--------+
| 1 | rose | |
| 2 | jack | |
+----+------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
做以上实验确保你的二进制日志独立于数据库之外。
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原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/www233ii/p/11963640.html