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python 数据库表操作

时间:2020-02-12 18:38:34      阅读:84      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

标签:incr   correct   rem   one   一对一   col   for   python   --   

语法:
1. 修改表名
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      RENAME 新表名;

2. 增加字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名
                      ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],
                      ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
                            
3. 删除字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      DROP 字段名;

4. 修改字段
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      MODIFY  字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];

5.修改字段排列顺序/在增加的时候指定字段位置
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     CHANGE 字段名  旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     MODIFY 字段名  数据类型 [完整性约束条件…]  AFTER 字段名;

alter操作非空和唯一(了解)

create table t(id int unique,name char(10) not null);

#去掉null约束
alter table t modify name char(10) null;
# 添加null约束
alter table t modify name char(10) not null;


# 去掉unique约束
alter table t drop index id;
# 添加unique约束
alter table t modify id int unique;

alter处理null和unique约束

alter操作主键(了解)
1
、首先创建一个数据表table_test: create table table_test( `id` varchar(100) NOT NULL, `name` varchar(100) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`name`) ); 2、如果发现主键设置错了,应该是id是主键,但如今表里已经有好多数据了,不能删除表再重建了,仅仅能在这基础上改动表结构。 先删除主键 alter table table_test drop primary key; 然后再增加主键 alter table table_test add primary key(id); 注:在增加主键之前,必须先把反复的id删除掉。

为表添加外键(了解)

创建press表
CREATE TABLE `press` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ;

创建book表
CREATE TABLE `book` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `bk_name` char(12) DEFAULT NULL,
  `press_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  KEY `press_id` (`press_id`)
) ;

为book表添加外键
alter table book add constraint fk_id foreign key(press_id) references press(id);

删除外键
alter table book drop foreign key fk_id;


示例


mysql> desc staff_info; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(male,female) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 表重命名 mysql> alter table staff_info rename staff; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(male,female) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 删除sex列 mysql> alter table staff drop sex; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) # 添加列 mysql> alter table staff add sex enum(male,female); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 # 修改id的宽度 mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(male,female) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) # 修改name列的字段名 mysql> alter table staff change name sname varchar(20); Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | | | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(male,female) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 修改sex列的位置 mysql> alter table staff modify sex enum(male,female) after sname; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | | | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(male,female) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 创建自增id主键 mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) primary key auto_increment; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(male,female) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 删除主键,可以看到删除一个自增主键会报错 mysql> alter table staff drop primary key; ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key # 需要先去掉主键的自增约束,然后再删除主键约束 mysql> alter table staff modify id int(11); Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | | | sname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(male,female) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | YES | | NULL | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> alter table staff drop primary key; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 # 添加联合主键 mysql> alter table staff add primary key (sname,age); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 # 删除主键 mysql> alter table staff drop primary key; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 # 创建主键id mysql> alter table staff add primary key (id); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | | | sname | varchar(20) | NO | | | | | sex | enum(male,female) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | | 0 | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) # 为主键添加自增属性 mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) auto_increment; Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> desc staff; +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(4) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | sname | varchar(20) | NO | | | | | sex | enum(male,female) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(3) | NO | | 0 | | | phone | bigint(11) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec)

多表结构的创建与分析


如何找出两张表之间的关系 


分析步骤: #
1、先站在左表的角度去找 是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id) #2、再站在右表的角度去找 是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id) #3、总结: #多对一: 如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表 如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表 #多对多 如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系 #一对一: 如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

建立表之间的关系

#一对多或称为多对一
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书
sql示例 关联方式:foreign key
=====================多对一===================== create table press( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20) ); create table book( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), press_id int not null, foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); insert into press(name) values (北京工业地雷出版社), (人民音乐不好听出版社), (知识产权没有用出版社) ; insert into book(name,press_id) values (九阳神功,1), (九阴真经,2), (九阴白骨爪,2), (独孤九剑,3), (降龙十巴掌,2), (葵花宝典,3) ;
#多对多
三张表:出版社,作者信息,书

多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
  
关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表
=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
);


#这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
);


#插入四个作者,id依次排开
insert into author(name) values(egon),(alex),(yuanhao),(wpq);

#每个作者与自己的代表作如下
egon: 
九阳神功
九阴真经
九阴白骨爪
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
alex: 
九阳神功
葵花宝典
yuanhao:
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
wpq:
九阳神功


insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;
#一对一
两张表:学生表和客户表

一对一:一个学生是一个客户

关联方式:foreign key+unique
create table customer(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(20) not null,
    -> qq varchar(10) not null,
    -> phone char(16) not null
    -> );

create table student(
    -> id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> class_name varchar(20) not null,
    -> customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
    -> foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
    -> on delete cascade
    -> on update cascade
    -> );

#增加客户
mysql> insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
    -> (韩蕾,31811231,13811341220),
    -> (杨澜,123123123,15213146809),
    -> (翁惠天,283818181,1867141331),
    -> (杨宗河,283818181,1851143312),
    -> (袁承明,888818181,1861243314),
    -> (袁清,112312312,18811431230)

mysql> #增加学生
mysql> insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
    -> (脱产1班,3),
    -> (周末1期,4),
    -> (周末1期,5)
    -> ;

sql示例

 

python 数据库表操作

标签:incr   correct   rem   one   一对一   col   for   python   --   

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/shaohuagu/p/12299770.html

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