标签：output 切片 原始类型 data- scene less 表达 表达式 sele
C#各版本新功能其实都能在官网搜到，但很少有人整理在一起，并通过非常简短的代码将每个新特性演示出来。
代码演示C#各版本新功能
C# 2.0版 - 2005
泛型
分部类型
匿名方法
可以为null的值类型
迭代器
协变和逆变
C# 3.0版 - 2007
自动实现的属性
匿名类型
查询表达式（LINQ）
Lambda表达式
表达式树
扩展方法
var
分部方法
对象和集合初始值设定项
C# 4.0版 - 2010
dynamic
命名参数/可选参数
泛型中的协变和逆变
类型等效、内置互操作类型
C# 5.0版 - 2012
async/await
调用方信息
C# 6.0版 - 2015
静态导入
异常筛选器
自动初始化表达式
Expression-bodied 函数成员
Null传播器
字符串内插
nameof表达式
索引初始值设定项
C# 7.0版本 - 2017
out变量
元组和析构函数
模式匹配
本地函数
更多的expression-bodied成员
Ref 局部变量和返回结果
弃元
二进制文本和数字分隔符
throw表达式
C# 8.0 版 - 2019
Readonly 成员
默认接口方法
模式匹配增强
属性模式
Tuple模式
位置模式
switch表达式
using声明
静态本地函数
异步流
索引和范围
Null合并赋值
非托管构造类型
嵌套表达式中的 stackalloc
附录/总结
Java中的泛型不支持值类型，且会运行时类型擦除，这一点 .NET更优秀。
// Declare the generic class.
public class GenericList<T>
{
public void Add(T input) { }
}
class TestGenericList
{
private class ExampleClass { }
static void Main()
{
// Declare a list of type int.
GenericList<int> list1 = new GenericList<int>();
list1.Add(1);
// Declare a list of type string.
GenericList<string> list2 = new GenericList<string>();
list2.Add("");
// Declare a list of type ExampleClass.
GenericList<ExampleClass> list3 = new GenericList<ExampleClass>();
list3.Add(new ExampleClass());
}
}
拆分一个类、一个结构、一个接口或一个方法的定义到两个或更多的文件中是可能的。每个源文件包含类型或方法定义的一部分，编译应用程序时将把所有部分组合起来。
public partial class Employee
{
public void DoWork()
{
}
}
public partial class Employee
{
public void GoToLunch()
{
}
}
Func<int, int, int> sum = delegate (int a, int b) { return a + b; };
Console.WriteLine(sum(3, 4)); // output: 7
double? pi = 3.14;
char? letter = ‘a‘;
int m2 = 10;
int? m = m2;
bool? flag = null;
// An array of a nullable type:
int?[] arr = new int?[10];
static void Main()
{
foreach (int number in SomeNumbers())
{
Console.Write(number.ToString() + " ");
}
// Output: 3 5 8
Console.ReadKey();
}
public static System.Collections.IEnumerable SomeNumbers()
{
yield return 3;
yield return 5;
yield return 8;
}
在 C# 中，协变和逆变能够实现数组类型、委托类型和泛型类型参数的隐式引用转换。协变保留分配兼容性，逆变则与之相反。
// Assignment compatibility.
string str = "test";
// An object of a more derived type is assigned to an object of a less derived type.
object obj = str;
// Covariance.
IEnumerable<string> strings = new List<string>();
// An object that is instantiated with a more derived type argument
// is assigned to an object instantiated with a less derived type argument.
// Assignment compatibility is preserved.
IEnumerable<object> objects = strings;
// Contravariance.
// Assume that the following method is in the class:
// static void SetObject(object o) { }
Action<object> actObject = SetObject;
// An object that is instantiated with a less derived type argument
// is assigned to an object instantiated with a more derived type argument.
// Assignment compatibility is reversed.
Action<string> actString = actObject;
// This class is mutable. Its data can be modified from
// outside the class.
class Customer
{
// Auto-implemented properties for trivial get and set
public double TotalPurchases { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public int CustomerID { get; set; }
// Constructor
public Customer(double purchases, string name, int ID)
{
TotalPurchases = purchases;
Name = name;
CustomerID = ID;
}
// Methods
public string GetContactInfo() { return "ContactInfo"; }
public string GetTransactionHistory() { return "History"; }
// .. Additional methods, events, etc.
}
class Program
{
static void Main()
{
// Intialize a new object.
Customer cust1 = new Customer(4987.63, "Northwind", 90108);
// Modify a property.
cust1.TotalPurchases += 499.99;
}
}
var v = new { Amount = 108, Message = "Hello" };
// Rest the mouse pointer over v.Amount and v.Message in the following
// statement to verify that their inferred types are int and n .
Console.WriteLine(v.Amount + v.Message);
LINQ允许你可以像写 SQL一样写 C#代码，像这样：
from p in persons
where p.Age > 18 && p.IsBeatiful
select new
{
p.WeChatId,
p.PhoneNumber
}
LINQ的意义在于让 C#做出了重大调整，本章中说到的 lambda表达式、扩展方法、表达式树、匿名类型、自动属性等，都是 LINQ的必要组成部分。
由于用扩展方法的形式也能得到一致的结果，而且还能让代码风格更加一致，所以我平时用 LINQ语法较少：
// 与上文代码相同，但改成了扩展方法风格：
persons
.Where(x => x.Age > 18 && x.IsBeatiful)
.Select(x => new
{
x.WeChatId,
x.PhoneNumber,
});
Func<int, int> square = x => x * x;
Console.WriteLine(square(5));
// Output:
// 25
这个是 LINQ的基础之一，它的作用是将代码像数据一样，保存在内存中；然后稍后对这些“代码数据”进行重新解释/执行。
EntityFramework就是一个经典场景，它先将表达式树保存起来，然后执行时，将其翻译为 SQL发给数据库执行。
注意：表达式树并不能表示所有的代码，
C# 3.0之后的语法，包含??、?.、asyncawait、可选参数等，都无法放到表达式树中。据说官方准备更新它，但迟迟没有进展。
扩展方法使你能够向现有类型“添加”方法，而无需创建新的派生类型、重新编译或以其他方式修改原始类型。
static void Main()
{
Console.WriteLine ("Perth".IsCapitalized());
// Equivalent to:
Console.WriteLine (StringHelper.IsCapitalized ("Perth"));
// Interfaces can be extended, too:
Console.WriteLine ("Seattle".First()); // S
}
public static class StringHelper
{
public static bool IsCapitalized (this string s)
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s)) return false;
return char.IsUpper (s[0]);
}
public static T First<T> (this IEnumerable<T> sequence)
{
foreach (T element in sequence)
return element;
throw new InvalidOperationException ("No elements!");
}
}
var i = 10; // Implicitly typed.
int i = 10; // Explicitly typed.
namespace PM
{
partial class A
{
partial void OnSomethingHappened(string s);
}
// This part can be in a separate file.
partial class A
{
// Comment out this method and the program
// will still compile.
partial void OnSomethingHappened(String s)
{
Console.WriteLine("Something happened: {0}", s);
}
}
}
public class Cat
{
// Auto-implemented properties.
public int Age { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public Cat()
{
}
public Cat(string name)
{
this.Name = name;
}
}
这个是特性使得 CLR不得不进行一次修改。有了这个， C#也能像 js、 php、 python等弱类型语言一样写代码了。
dynamic a = 3;
a = 3.14;
a = "Hello World";
a = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
a = new Func<int>(() => 3);
a = new StringBuilder();
Console.WriteLine(a.GetType().Name); // StringBuilder
注意 dynamic可以表示任何东西，包含数组、委托等等。滥用 dynamic容易让程序变得很难维护。
PrintOrderDetails(productName: "Red Mug", sellerName: "Gift Shop", orderNum: 31);
public void ExampleMethod(int required, string optionalstr = "default string",
int optionalint = 10)
IEnumerable<Derived> d = new List<Derived>();
IEnumerable<Base> b = d;
Action<Base> b = (target) => { Console.WriteLine(target.GetType().Name); };
Action<Derived> d = b;
d(new Derived());
这个主要是为了和 COM进行交互。之前需要引用一些 COM类型相关的程序集，现在可以直接引用 COM。具体可以参见：https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/dotnet/framework/interop/type-equivalence-and-embedded-interop-types
private DamageResult CalculateDamageDone()
{
// Code omitted:
//
// Does an expensive calculation and returns
// the result of that calculation.
}
calculateButton.Clicked += async (o, e) =>
{
// This line will yield control to the UI while CalculateDamageDone()
// performs its work. The UI thread is free to perform other work.
var damageResult = await Task.Run(() => CalculateDamageDone());
DisplayDamage(damageResult);
};
async/ await的本质是状态机，像 IEnumerable<T>一样。以前游戏引擎 Unity只支持 C# 3.0，因此当时它用状态机发 Http请求是用的 IEnumerable<T>。
async/ await有两个好处，一是可以避免 UI线程卡顿，二是提高系统吞吐率，最终提高性能。
public void DoProcessing()
{
TraceMessage("Something happened.");
}
public void TraceMessage(string message,
[CallerMemberName] string memberName = "",
[CallerFilePath] string sourceFilePath = "",
[CallerLineNumber] int sourceLineNumber = 0)
{
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("message: " + message);
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("member name: " + memberName);
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("source file path: " + sourceFilePath);
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("source line number: " + sourceLineNumber);
}
// Sample Output:
// message: Something happened.
// member name: DoProcessing
// source file path: c:\Visual Studio Projects\CallerInfoCS\CallerInfoCS\Form1.cs
// source line number: 31
注意这个是编译期生成的，因此比 StackTrace更能保证性能。
终于可以不用写静态类名了。
using static System.Math;
using static System.Console;
WriteLine(Sin(3.14)); // 0.00159265291648683
在 try-catch时，可以按指定的条件进行 catch，其它条件不 catch。
public static async Task<string> MakeRequest()
{
WebRequestHandler webRequestHandler = new WebRequestHandler();
webRequestHandler.AllowAutoRedirect = false;
using (HttpClient client = new HttpClient(webRequestHandler))
{
var stringTask = client.GetStringAsync("https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/about/");
try
{
var responseText = await stringTask;
return responseText;
}
catch (System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException e) when (e.Message.Contains("301"))
{
return "Site Moved";
}
}
}
public ICollection<double> Grades { get; } = new List<double>();
public override string ToString() => $"{LastName}, {FirstName}";
var first = person?.FirstName;
public string GetGradePointPercentage() =>
$"Name: {LastName}, {FirstName}. G.P.A: {Grades.Average():F2}";
nameof表达式有时字符串值和某个变量名称一致，尤其是在做参数验证时。这里 nameof就能在编译期，自动从变量名生成一个字符串。
if (IsNullOrWhiteSpace(lastName))
throw new ArgumentException(message: "Cannot be blank", paramName: nameof(lastName));
使集合初始化更容易的另一个功能是对 Add 方法使用扩展方法 。添加此功能的目的是进行 Visual Basic 的奇偶校验。如果自定义集合类的方法具有通过语义方式添加新项的名称，则此功能非常有用。
if (int.TryParse(input, out int result))
Console.WriteLine(result);
else
Console.WriteLine("Could not parse input");
(string Alpha, string Beta) namedLetters = ("a", "b");
Console.WriteLine($"{namedLetters.Alpha}, {namedLetters.Beta}");
解构是将元组转换为变量。//忽略…构函数应该类似C++中的析构函数，在实例回收时执行？
现在可以在匹配一个类型时，自动转换为这个类型的变量，如果转换失败，这个变量就赋值为默认值（ null或 0）。
极简版：
if (input is int count)
sum += count;
switch/case版：
public static int SumPositiveNumbers(IEnumerable<object> sequence)
{
int sum = 0;
foreach (var i in sequence)
{
switch (i)
{
case 0:
break;
case IEnumerable<int> childSequence:
{
foreach(var item in childSequence)
sum += (item > 0) ? item : 0;
break;
}
case int n when n > 0:
sum += n;
break;
case null:
throw new NullReferenceException("Null found in sequence");
default:
throw new InvalidOperationException("Unrecognized type");
}
}
return sum;
}
这个主要是方便， javascript就能这样写。
比 lambda的好处在于，这个可以定义在后面，而 lambda必须定义在前面。
public static IEnumerable<char> AlphabetSubset3(char start, char end)
{
if (start < ‘a‘ || start > ‘z‘)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(paramName: nameof(start), message: "start must be a letter");
if (end < ‘a‘ || end > ‘z‘)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(paramName: nameof(end), message: "end must be a letter");
if (end <= start)
throw new ArgumentException($"{nameof(end)} must be greater than {nameof(start)}");
return alphabetSubsetImplementation();
IEnumerable<char> alphabetSubsetImplementation()
{
for (var c = start; c < end; c++)
yield return c;
}
}
该功能可以让一些函数写成表达式的形式，非常的方便。
// Expression-bodied constructor
public ExpressionMembersExample(string label) => this.Label = label;
// Expression-bodied finalizer
~ExpressionMembersExample() => Console.Error.WriteLine("Finalized!");
private string label;
// Expression-bodied get / set accessors.
public string Label
{
get => label;
set => this.label = value ?? "Default label";
}
此功能允许使用并返回对变量的引用的算法，这些变量在其他位置定义。一个示例是使用大型矩阵并查找具有某些特征的单个位置。
这个功能主要是为了提高值类型的性能，让它真正发挥其作用。 C++就有类似的功能。
public static ref int Find(int[,] matrix, Func<int, bool> predicate)
{
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.GetLength(0); i++)
for (int j = 0; j < matrix.GetLength(1); j++)
if (predicate(matrix[i, j]))
return ref matrix[i, j];
throw new InvalidOperationException("Not found");
}
ref var item = ref MatrixSearch.Find(matrix, (val) => val == 42);
Console.WriteLine(item);
item = 24;
Console.WriteLine(matrix[4, 2]);
通常，在进行元组解构或使用
out参数调用方法时，必须定义一个其值无关紧要且你不打算使用的变量。为处理此情况，C#增添了对弃元的支持 。弃元是一个名为_的只写变量，可向单个变量赋予要放弃的所有值。弃元类似于未赋值的变量；不可在代码中使用弃元（赋值语句除外）。
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
public class Example
{
public static void Main()
{
var (_, _, _, pop1, _, pop2) = QueryCityDataForYears("New York City", 1960, 2010);
Console.WriteLine($"Population change, 1960 to 2010: {pop2 - pop1:N0}");
}
private static (string, double, int, int, int, int) QueryCityDataForYears(string name, int year1, int year2)
{
int population1 = 0, population2 = 0;
double area = 0;
if (name == "New York City")
{
area = 468.48;
if (year1 == 1960)
{
population1 = 7781984;
}
if (year2 == 2010)
{
population2 = 8175133;
}
return (name, area, year1, population1, year2, population2);
}
return ("", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
}
}
// The example displays the following output:
// Population change, 1960 to 2010: 393,149
这个用于使数字和二进制更可读。
// 二进制文本：
public const int Sixteen = 0b0001_0000;
public const int ThirtyTwo = 0b0010_0000;
public const int SixtyFour = 0b0100_0000;
public const int OneHundredTwentyEight = 0b1000_0000;
// 数字分隔符：
public const long BillionsAndBillions = 100_000_000_000;
public const double AvogadroConstant = 6.022_140_857_747_474e23;
public const decimal GoldenRatio = 1.618_033_988_749_894_848_204_586_834_365_638_117_720_309_179M;
throw之前必须是一个语句，因此有时不得不写更多的代码来完成所需功能。但7.0提供了throw表达式来使代码更简洁，阅读更轻松。
void Main()
{
// You can now throw expressions in expressions clauses.
// This is useful in conditional expressions:
string result = new Random().Next(2) == 0 ? "Good" : throw new Exception ("Bad");
result.Dump();
Foo().Dump();
}
public string Foo() => throw new NotImplementedException();
public readonly override string ToString() =>
$"({X}, {Y}) is {Distance} from the origin";
接口中也能定义方法了，这个新功能经常受到争论。但想想，有时是先定义接口，而实现接口需要实现很多相关、但又繁琐的功能，如
ASP.NETCore中的ILogger，谁用谁知道，特别多需要实现的方法，但又都差不多。因此所以这个功能其实很有必要。
void Main()
{
ILogger foo = new Logger();
foo.Log (new Exception ("test"));
}
class Logger : ILogger
{
public void Log (string message) => Console.WriteLine (message);
}
interface ILogger
{
void Log (string message);
// Adding a new member to an interface need not break implementors:
public void Log (Exception ex) => Log (ExceptionHeader + ex.Message);
// The static modifier (and other modifiers) are now allowed:
static string ExceptionHeader = "Exception: ";
}
这个是为简化代码、函数式编程而生的，我个人非常喜欢。
public static decimal ComputeSalesTax(Address location, decimal salePrice) =>
location switch
{
{ State: "WA" } => salePrice * 0.06M,
{ State: "MN" } => salePrice * 0.75M,
{ State: "MI" } => salePrice * 0.05M,
// other cases removed for brevity...
_ => 0M
};
public static string RockPaperScissors(string first, string second)
=> (first, second) switch
{
("rock", "paper") => "rock is covered by paper. Paper wins.",
("rock", "scissors") => "rock breaks scissors. Rock wins.",
("paper", "rock") => "paper covers rock. Paper wins.",
("paper", "scissors") => "paper is cut by scissors. Scissors wins.",
("scissors", "rock") => "scissors is broken by rock. Rock wins.",
("scissors", "paper") => "scissors cuts paper. Scissors wins.",
(_, _) => "tie"
};
static Quadrant GetQuadrant(Point point) => point switch
{
(0, 0) => Quadrant.Origin,
var (x, y) when x > 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.One,
var (x, y) when x < 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.Two,
var (x, y) when x < 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Three,
var (x, y) when x > 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Four,
var (_, _) => Quadrant.OnBorder,
_ => Quadrant.Unknown
};
这个功能能使代码从大量的 if/else或 switch/case变成“一行代码”，符合函数式编程的思想，非常好用！
public static RGBColor FromRainbow(Rainbow colorBand) =>
colorBand switch
{
Rainbow.Red => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x00, 0x00),
Rainbow.Orange => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x7F, 0x00),
Rainbow.Yellow => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00),
Rainbow.Green => new RGBColor(0x00, 0xFF, 0x00),
Rainbow.Blue => new RGBColor(0x00, 0x00, 0xFF),
Rainbow.Indigo => new RGBColor(0x4B, 0x00, 0x82),
Rainbow.Violet => new RGBColor(0x94, 0x00, 0xD3),
_ => throw new ArgumentException(message: "invalid enum value", paramName: nameof(colorBand)),
};
static int WriteLinesToFile(IEnumerable<string> lines)
{
using var file = new System.IO.StreamWriter("WriteLines2.txt");
// Notice how we declare skippedLines after the using statement.
int skippedLines = 0;
foreach (string line in lines)
{
if (!line.Contains("Second"))
{
file.WriteLine(line);
}
else
{
skippedLines++;
}
}
// Notice how skippedLines is in scope here.
return skippedLines;
// file is disposed here
}
相比非静态本地函数，静态本地函数没有闭包，因此生成的代码更少，性能也更容易控制。
int M()
{
int y = 5;
int x = 7;
return Add(x, y);
static int Add(int left, int right) => left + right;
}
这个功能和 IEnumerable<T>、 Task<T>对应，一个经典的表格如下：
| 单值 | 多值 | |
|---|---|---|
| 同步 | T | IEnumerable |
| 异步 | Task | ? |
其中，这个问号 ?终于有了答案，它就叫异步流—— IAsyncEnumerable<T>：
public static async System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<int> GenerateSequence()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
{
await Task.Delay(100);
yield return i;
}
}
不像 IEnumerable<T>， IAsyncEnumerable<T>系统还没有内置扩展方法，因此可能没有 IEnumerable<T>方便，但是可以通过安装 NuGet包 f来实现和 IEnumerable<T>一样（或者更爽）的效果。
和
Python中的切片器一样，只是-用^代替了。
var words = new string[]
{
// index from start index from end
"The", // 0 ^9
"quick", // 1 ^8
"brown", // 2 ^7
"fox", // 3 ^6
"jumped", // 4 ^5
"over", // 5 ^4
"the", // 6 ^3
"lazy", // 7 ^2
"dog" // 8 ^1
}; // 9 (or words.Length) ^0
var quickBrownFox = words[1..4];
var lazyDog = words[^2..^0];
var allWords = words[..]; // contains "The" through "dog".
var firstPhrase = words[..4]; // contains "The" through "fox"
var lastPhrase = words[6..]; // contains "the", "lazy" and "dog"
List<int> numbers = null;
int? i = null;
numbers ??= new List<int>();
numbers.Add(i ??= 17);
numbers.Add(i ??= 20);
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", numbers)); // output: 17 17
Console.WriteLine(i); // output: 17
与任何非托管类型一样，可以创建指向此类型的变量的指针，或针对此类型的实例在堆栈上分配内存块
Span<Coords<int>> coordinates = stackalloc[]
{
new Coords<int> { X = 0, Y = 0 },
new Coords<int> { X = 0, Y = 3 },
new Coords<int> { X = 4, Y = 0 }
};
Span<int> numbers = stackalloc[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
var ind = numbers.IndexOfAny(stackalloc[] { 2, 4, 6 ,8 });
Console.WriteLine(ind); // output: 1
这么多功能，你印象最深刻的是哪个呢？
标签：output 切片 原始类型 data- scene less 表达 表达式 sele
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/qiyebao/p/12388290.html
