flask 源码专题（一）：app.run()的背后

    def run(self, host=None, port=None, debug=None, **options):
        """Runs the application on a local development server.

        Do not use ``run()`` in a production setting. It is not intended to
        meet security and performance requirements for a production server.
        Instead, see :ref:`deployment` for WSGI server recommendations.

        If the :attr:`debug` flag is set the server will automatically reload
        for code changes and show a debugger in case an exception happened.

        If you want to run the application in debug mode, but disable the
        code execution on the interactive debugger, you can pass
        ``use_evalex=False`` as parameter.  This will keep the debugger‘s
        traceback screen active, but disable code execution.

        It is not recommended to use this function for development with
        automatic reloading as this is badly supported.  Instead you should
        be using the :command:`flask` command line script‘s ``run`` support.

        .. admonition:: Keep in Mind

           Flask will suppress any server error with a generic error page
           unless it is in debug mode.  As such to enable just the
           interactive debugger without the code reloading, you have to
           invoke :meth:`run` with ``debug=True`` and ``use_reloader=False``.
           Setting ``use_debugger`` to ``True`` without being in debug mode
           won‘t catch any exceptions because there won‘t be any to
           catch.

        .. versionchanged:: 0.10
           The default port is now picked from the ``SERVER_NAME`` variable.

        :param host: the hostname to listen on. Set this to ``‘0.0.0.0‘`` to
                     have the server available externally as well. Defaults to
                     ``‘127.0.0.1‘``.
        :param port: the port of the webserver. Defaults to ``5000`` or the
                     port defined in the ``SERVER_NAME`` config variable if
                     present.
        :param debug: if given, enable or disable debug mode.
                      See :attr:`debug`.
        :param options: the options to be forwarded to the underlying
                        Werkzeug server.  See
                        :func:`werkzeug.serving.run_simple` for more
                        information.
        """
        from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
        if host is None:
            host = ‘127.0.0.1‘
        if port is None:
            server_name = self.config[‘SERVER_NAME‘]
            if server_name and ‘:‘ in server_name:
                port = int(server_name.rsplit(‘:‘, 1)[1])
            else:
                port = 5000
        if debug is not None:
            self.debug = bool(debug)
        options.setdefault(‘use_reloader‘, self.debug)
        options.setdefault(‘use_debugger‘, self.debug)
        try:
            run_simple(host, port, self, **options)
        finally:
            # reset the first request information if the development server
            # reset normally.  This makes it possible to restart the server
            # without reloader and that stuff from an interactive shell.
            self._got_first_request = False

def run_simple(
    hostname,
    port,
    application,
    use_reloader=False,
    use_debugger=False,
    use_evalex=True,
    extra_files=None,
    reloader_interval=1,
    reloader_type="auto",
    threaded=False,
    processes=1,
    request_handler=None,
    static_files=None,
    passthrough_errors=False,
    ssl_context=None,
):
    """
.....................
    """
    if not isinstance(port, int):
        raise TypeError("port must be an integer")
    if use_debugger:
        from .debug import DebuggedApplication

        application = DebuggedApplication(application, use_evalex)
    if static_files:
        from .middleware.shared_data import SharedDataMiddleware

        application = SharedDataMiddleware(application, static_files)

    def log_startup(sock):
        display_hostname = hostname if hostname not in ("", "*") else "localhost"
        quit_msg = "(Press CTRL+C to quit)"
        if sock.family == af_unix:
            _log("info", " * Running on %s %s", display_hostname, quit_msg)
        else:
            if ":" in display_hostname:
                display_hostname = "[%s]" % display_hostname
            port = sock.getsockname()[1]
            _log(
                "info",
                " * Running on %s://%s:%d/ %s",
                "http" if ssl_context is None else "https",
                display_hostname,
                port,
                quit_msg,
            )

    def inner():
        try:
            fd = int(os.environ["WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD"])
        except (LookupError, ValueError):
            fd = None
        srv = make_server(
            hostname,
            port,
            application,
            threaded,
            processes,
            request_handler,
            passthrough_errors,
            ssl_context,
            fd=fd,
        )#第二步
        if fd is None:
            log_startup(srv.socket)
        srv.serve_forever() #第三步


　　if use_reloader:
        # If we‘re not running already in the subprocess that is the
        # reloader we want to open up a socket early to make sure the
        # port is actually available.
        if not is_running_from_reloader():
            if port == 0 and not can_open_by_fd:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Cannot bind to a random port with enabled "
                    "reloader if the Python interpreter does "
                    "not support socket opening by fd."
                )

            # Create and destroy a socket so that any exceptions are
            # raised before we spawn a separate Python interpreter and
            # lose this ability.
            address_family = select_address_family(hostname, port)
            server_address = get_sockaddr(hostname, port, address_family)
            s = socket.socket(address_family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
            s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
            s.bind(server_address)
            if hasattr(s, "set_inheritable"):
                s.set_inheritable(True)

            # If we can open the socket by file descriptor, then we can just
            # reuse this one and our socket will survive the restarts.
            if can_open_by_fd:
                os.environ["WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD"] = str(s.fileno())
                s.listen(LISTEN_QUEUE)
                log_startup(s)
            else:
                s.close()
                if address_family == af_unix:
                    _log("info", "Unlinking %s" % server_address)
                    os.unlink(server_address)

        # Do not use relative imports, otherwise "python -m werkzeug.serving"
        # breaks.
        from ._reloader import run_with_reloader

        run_with_reloader(inner, extra_files, reloader_interval, reloader_type)
    else:
        inner() # 第一步

def make_server(
    host=None,
    port=None,
    app=None,
    threaded=False,
    processes=1,
    request_handler=None,
    passthrough_errors=False,
    ssl_context=None,
    fd=None,
):
    """Create a new server instance that is either threaded, or forks
    or just processes one request after another.
    """
    if threaded and processes > 1:
        raise ValueError("cannot have a multithreaded and multi process server.")
    elif threaded:
        return ThreadedWSGIServer(
            host, port, app, request_handler, passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd
        )
    elif processes > 1:
        return ForkingWSGIServer(
            host,
            port,
            app,
            processes,
            request_handler,
            passthrough_errors,
            ssl_context,
            fd=fd,
        )
    else:
        return BaseWSGIServer(
            host, port, app, request_handler, passthrough_errors, ssl_context, fd=fd
        )

class BaseWSGIServer(HTTPServer, object):

    """Simple single-threaded, single-process WSGI server."""

    multithread = False
    multiprocess = False
    request_queue_size = LISTEN_QUEUE

    def __init__(
        self,
        host,
        port,
        app,
        handler=None,
        passthrough_errors=False,
        ssl_context=None,
        fd=None,
    ):
        if handler is None:
            handler = WSGIRequestHandler #第一步

        self.address_family = select_address_family(host, port)

        if fd is not None:
            real_sock = socket.fromfd(fd, self.address_family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
            port = 0

        server_address = get_sockaddr(host, int(port), self.address_family)

        # remove socket file if it already exists
        if self.address_family == af_unix and os.path.exists(server_address):
            os.unlink(server_address)
        HTTPServer.__init__(self, server_address, handler)#第二步

        self.app = app
        self.passthrough_errors = passthrough_errors
        self.shutdown_signal = False
        self.host = host
        self.port = self.socket.getsockname()[1]

        # Patch in the original socket.
        if fd is not None:
            self.socket.close()
            self.socket = real_sock
            self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname()

        if ssl_context is not None:
            if isinstance(ssl_context, tuple):
                ssl_context = load_ssl_context(*ssl_context)
            if ssl_context == "adhoc":
                ssl_context = generate_adhoc_ssl_context()

            # If we are on Python 2 the return value from socket.fromfd
            # is an internal socket object but what we need for ssl wrap
            # is the wrapper around it :(
            sock = self.socket
            if PY2 and not isinstance(sock, socket.socket):
                sock = socket.socket(sock.family, sock.type, sock.proto, sock)
            self.socket = ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True)
            self.ssl_context = ssl_context
        else:
            self.ssl_context = None

    def log(self, type, message, *args):
        _log(type, message, *args)

    def serve_forever(self):#第三步
        self.shutdown_signal = False
        try:
            HTTPServer.serve_forever(self)#第四步
　　　　　except KeyboardInterrupt:
            pass
        finally:
            self.server_close()

class BaseServer:

    """Base class for server classes.

    Methods for the caller:

    - __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
    - serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
    - shutdown()
    - handle_request()  # if you do not use serve_forever()
    - fileno() -> int   # for selector

    Methods that may be overridden:

    - server_bind()
    - server_activate()
    - get_request() -> request, client_address
    - handle_timeout()
    - verify_request(request, client_address)
    - server_close()
    - process_request(request, client_address)
    - shutdown_request(request)
    - close_request(request)
    - service_actions()
    - handle_error()

    Methods for derived classes:

    - finish_request(request, client_address)

    Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
    instances:

    - timeout
    - address_family
    - socket_type
    - allow_reuse_address

    Instance variables:

    - RequestHandlerClass
    - socket

    """

    timeout = None

    def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass):
        """Constructor.  May be extended, do not override."""
        self.server_address = server_address
        self.RequestHandlerClass = RequestHandlerClass
        self.__is_shut_down = threading.Event()
        self.__shutdown_request = False

    def server_activate(self):
        """Called by constructor to activate the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        pass

    def serve_forever(self, poll_interval=0.5):
        """Handle one request at a time until shutdown.

        Polls for shutdown every poll_interval seconds. Ignores
        self.timeout. If you need to do periodic tasks, do them in
        another thread.
        """
        self.__is_shut_down.clear()
        try:
            # XXX: Consider using another file descriptor or connecting to the
            # socket to wake this up instead of polling. Polling reduces our
            # responsiveness to a shutdown request and wastes cpu at all other
            # times.
            with _ServerSelector() as selector:
                selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)

                while not self.__shutdown_request:
                    ready = selector.select(poll_interval)
                    # bpo-35017: shutdown() called during select(), exit immediately.
                    if self.__shutdown_request:
                        break
                    if ready:
                        self._handle_request_noblock()#第一步

                    self.service_actions()
        finally:
            self.__shutdown_request = False
            self.__is_shut_down.set()

    def shutdown(self):
        """Stops the serve_forever loop.

        Blocks until the loop has finished. This must be called while
        serve_forever() is running in another thread, or it will
        deadlock.
        """
        self.__shutdown_request = True
        self.__is_shut_down.wait()

    def service_actions(self):
        """Called by the serve_forever() loop.

        May be overridden by a subclass / Mixin to implement any code that
        needs to be run during the loop.
        """
        pass

    # The distinction between handling, getting, processing and finishing a
    # request is fairly arbitrary.  Remember:
    #
    # - handle_request() is the top-level call.  It calls selector.select(),
    #   get_request(), verify_request() and process_request()
    # - get_request() is different for stream or datagram sockets
    # - process_request() is the place that may fork a new process or create a
    #   new thread to finish the request
    # - finish_request() instantiates the request handler class; this
    #   constructor will handle the request all by itself

    def handle_request(self):
        """Handle one request, possibly blocking.

        Respects self.timeout.
        """
        # Support people who used socket.settimeout() to escape
        # handle_request before self.timeout was available.
        timeout = self.socket.gettimeout()
        if timeout is None:
            timeout = self.timeout
        elif self.timeout is not None:
            timeout = min(timeout, self.timeout)
        if timeout is not None:
            deadline = time() + timeout

        # Wait until a request arrives or the timeout expires - the loop is
        # necessary to accommodate early wakeups due to EINTR.
        with _ServerSelector() as selector:
            selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)

            while True:
                ready = selector.select(timeout)
                if ready:
                    return self._handle_request_noblock()
                else:
                    if timeout is not None:
                        timeout = deadline - time()
                        if timeout < 0:
                            return self.handle_timeout()

    def _handle_request_noblock(self):
        """Handle one request, without blocking.

        I assume that selector.select() has returned that the socket is
        readable before this function was called, so there should be no risk of
        blocking in get_request().
        """
        try:
            request, client_address = self.get_request()
        except OSError:
            return
        if self.verify_request(request, client_address):
            try:
                self.process_request(request, client_address)#第二步
            except Exception:
                self.handle_error(request, client_address)
                self.shutdown_request(request)
            except:
                self.shutdown_request(request)
                raise
        else:
            self.shutdown_request(request)

    def handle_timeout(self):
        """Called if no new request arrives within self.timeout.

        Overridden by ForkingMixIn.
        """
        pass

    def verify_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Verify the request.  May be overridden.

        Return True if we should proceed with this request.

        """
        return True

    def process_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Call finish_request.

        Overridden by ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn.

        """
        self.finish_request(request, client_address)#第三步
        self.shutdown_request(request)


    def finish_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Finish one request by instantiating RequestHandlerClass."""
        self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self)#第四步