标签:符号 upd 大于 列表 位置 语句 bilibili location 学习
声明:此MySQL基础学习源自尚硅谷。(推荐)b站官方链接:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xW411u7ax?p=1
含义:
一条查询语句中又嵌套了另一条完整的select语句,其中被嵌套的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外面的语句可以是insert、update、delete、select等,一般select作为外面语句较多
外面如果为select语句,则此语句称为外查询或主查询
特点:
1、子查询都放在小括号内
2、子查询可以放在from后面、select后面、where后面、having后面,但一般放在条件的右侧
3、子查询优先于主查询执行,主查询使用了子查询的执行结果
4、子查询根据查询结果的行数不同分为以下两类:
① 单行子查询(标量子查询)
结果集只有一行
一般搭配单行操作符使用:> < = <> >= <=
非法使用子查询的情况:
a、子查询的结果为一组值
b、子查询的结果为空
② 多行子查询(列子查询)
结果集有多行
一般搭配多行操作符使用:any、all、in、not in
in: 属于子查询结果中的任意一个就行
any和all往往可以用其他查询代替
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select后面:
仅仅支持标量子查询
from后面:
支持表子查询
where或having后面:★
标量子查询(单行) √
列子查询 (多行) √
行子查询(使用较少)
exists后面(相关子查询)
标量子查询
列子查询
行子查询
表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多列多行)
特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >= <= = <>
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in/not in、any|some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高?
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Abel‘
#②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Abel‘ # 子查询不用加;号
);
案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资
#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
#③查询员工的姓名,job_id 和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);
案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
#②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#③ 在②基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50
);
非法使用标量子查询
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 250
);
(多行子查询)
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in / not in : 等于表中任意一个 (使用较多)
any | some : 和子查询返回的某一个值比较
all : 和子查询返回的所有值比较
案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
#②查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <>ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘
#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary,salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘
) AND job_id <> ‘IT_PROG‘;
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘
) AND job_id <> ‘IT_PROG‘;
案例3:返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘
) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG‘;
#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN( salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG‘
) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG‘;
(结果集一行多列或多行多列)(使用较少)
案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
#①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
-- 筛选条件使用一样的符号,可以简化在一起(例如:上面两个筛选条件都用=号)(使用局限性较大)
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
仅仅支持标量子查询
案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
) 个数
FROM departments d;
案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
SELECT department_name,e.department_id
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;
SELECT
`department_name`
FROM
`departments` d
WHERE d.`department_id` =
(SELECT
`department_id`
FROM
`employees`
WHERE `employee_id` = 102) ;
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
#①查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②连接①的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
一般放在where后面,先查询主查询,子查询根据主查询结果条件判断是否满足。
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果:
1或0
使用in可以替换。
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000);
案例1:查询有员工的部门名
in
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
)
exists
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
)
exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);
MySQL基础-08DQL语言(数据查询语言)-进阶7子查询
标签:符号 upd 大于 列表 位置 语句 bilibili location 学习
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/leizia/p/13232937.html