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实验四 决策树算法及应用

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标签:方法学   需要   sum   orm   max   数据   ram   测试   使用   

实验目的

1.理解朴素贝叶斯算法原理,掌握朴素贝叶斯算法框架;
2.掌握常见的高斯模型,多项式模型和伯努利模型;
3.能根据不同的数据类型,选择不同的概率模型实现朴素贝叶斯算法;
4.针对特定应用场景及数据,能应用朴素贝叶斯解决实际问题。

实验要求

1.实现高斯朴素贝叶斯算法。
2.熟悉sklearn库中的朴素贝叶斯算法;
3.针对iris数据集,应用sklearn的朴素贝叶斯算法进行类别预测。
4.针对iris数据集,利用自编朴素贝叶斯算法进行类别预测。

实验报告内容

1.对照实验内容,撰写实验过程、算法及测试结果;
2.代码规范化:命名规则、注释;
3.分析核心算法的复杂度;
4.查阅文献,讨论各种朴素贝叶斯算法的应用场景;
5.讨论朴素贝叶斯算法的优缺点。

实验代码

1.分类决策树模型是表示基于特征对实例进行分类的树形结构。决策树可以转换成一个if-then规则的集合,也可以看作是定义在特征空间划分上的类的条件概率分布。

2.决策树学习旨在构建一个与训练数据拟合很好,并且复杂度小的决策树。因为从可能的决策树中直接选取最优决策树是NP完全问题。现实中采用启发式方法学习次优的决策树。

决策树学习算法包括3部分:特征选择、树的生成和树的剪枝。常用的算法有ID3、
C4.5和CART。

3.特征选择的目的在于选取对训练数据能够分类的特征。特征选择的关键是其准则。常用的准则如下:

(1)样本集合\(D\)对特征\(A\)的信息增益(ID3)

\[g(D, A)=H(D)-H(D|A) \]

\[H(D)=-\sum_{k=1}^{K} \frac{\left|C_{k}\right|}{|D|} \log _{2} \frac{\left|C_{k}\right|}{|D|} \]

\[H(D | A)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\left|D_{i}\right|}{|D|} H\left(D_{i}\right) \]

其中,\(H(D)\)是数据集\(D\)的熵,\(H(D_i)\)是数据集\(D_i\)的熵,\(H(D|A)\)是数据集\(D\)对特征\(A\)的条件熵。 \(D_i\)\(D\)中特征\(A\)取第\(i\)个值的样本子集,\(C_k\)\(D\)中属于第\(k\)类的样本子集。\(n\)是特征\(A\)取 值的个数,\(K\)是类的个数。

(2)样本集合\(D\)对特征\(A\)的信息增益比(C4.5)

\[g_{R}(D, A)=\frac{g(D, A)}{H(D)} \]

其中,\(g(D,A)\)是信息增益,\(H(D)\)是数据集\(D\)的熵。

(3)样本集合\(D\)的基尼指数(CART)

\[\operatorname{Gini}(D)=1-\sum_{k=1}^{K}\left(\frac{\left|C_{k}\right|}{|D|}\right)^{2} \]

特征\(A\)条件下集合\(D\)的基尼指数:

\[\operatorname{Gini}(D, A)=\frac{\left|D_{1}\right|}{|D|} \operatorname{Gini}\left(D_{1}\right)+\frac{\left|D_{2}\right|}{|D|} \operatorname{Gini}\left(D_{2}\right) \]

4.决策树的生成。通常使用信息增益最大、信息增益比最大或基尼指数最小作为特征选择的准则。决策树的生成往往通过计算信息增益或其他指标,从根结点开始,递归地产生决策树。这相当于用信息增益或其他准则不断地选取局部最优的特征,或将训练集分割为能够基本正确分类的子集。

5.决策树的剪枝。由于生成的决策树存在过拟合问题,需要对它进行剪枝,以简化学到的决策树。决策树的剪枝,往往从已生成的树上剪掉一些叶结点或叶结点以上的子树,并将其父结点或根结点作为新的叶结点,从而简化生成的决策树。

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from collections import Counter
import math
from math import log
import pprint

# 书上题目5.1
def create_data():
    datasets = [[‘青年‘, ‘否‘, ‘否‘, ‘一般‘, ‘否‘],
               [‘青年‘, ‘否‘, ‘否‘, ‘好‘, ‘否‘],
               [‘青年‘, ‘是‘, ‘否‘, ‘好‘, ‘是‘],
               [‘青年‘, ‘是‘, ‘是‘, ‘一般‘, ‘是‘],
               [‘青年‘, ‘否‘, ‘否‘, ‘一般‘, ‘否‘],
               [‘中年‘, ‘否‘, ‘否‘, ‘一般‘, ‘否‘],
               [‘中年‘, ‘否‘, ‘否‘, ‘好‘, ‘否‘],
               [‘中年‘, ‘是‘, ‘是‘, ‘好‘, ‘是‘],
               [‘中年‘, ‘否‘, ‘是‘, ‘非常好‘, ‘是‘],
               [‘中年‘, ‘否‘, ‘是‘, ‘非常好‘, ‘是‘],
               [‘老年‘, ‘否‘, ‘是‘, ‘非常好‘, ‘是‘],
               [‘老年‘, ‘否‘, ‘是‘, ‘好‘, ‘是‘],
               [‘老年‘, ‘是‘, ‘否‘, ‘好‘, ‘是‘],
               [‘老年‘, ‘是‘, ‘否‘, ‘非常好‘, ‘是‘],
               [‘老年‘, ‘否‘, ‘否‘, ‘一般‘, ‘否‘],
               ]
    labels = [u‘年龄‘, u‘有工作‘, u‘有自己的房子‘, u‘信贷情况‘, u‘类别‘]
    # 返回数据集和每个维度的名称
    return datasets, labels

datasets, labels = create_data()
train_data = pd.DataFrame(datasets, columns=labels)
train_data

# 熵
def calc_ent(datasets):
    data_length = len(datasets)
    label_count = {}
    for i in range(data_length):
        label = datasets[i][-1]
        if label not in label_count:
            label_count[label] = 0
        label_count[label] += 1
    ent = -sum([(p / data_length) * log(p / data_length, 2)
                for p in label_count.values()])
    return ent
# def entropy(y):
#     """
#     Entropy of a label sequence
#     """
#     hist = np.bincount(y)
#     ps = hist / np.sum(hist)
#     return -np.sum([p * np.log2(p) for p in ps if p > 0])


# 经验条件熵
def cond_ent(datasets, axis=0):
    data_length = len(datasets)
    feature_sets = {}
    for i in range(data_length):
        feature = datasets[i][axis]
        if feature not in feature_sets:
            feature_sets[feature] = []
        feature_sets[feature].append(datasets[i])
    cond_ent = sum(
        [(len(p) / data_length) * calc_ent(p) for p in feature_sets.values()])
    return cond_ent


# 信息增益
def info_gain(ent, cond_ent):
    return ent - cond_ent


def info_gain_train(datasets):
    count = len(datasets[0]) - 1
    ent = calc_ent(datasets)
#     ent = entropy(datasets)
    best_feature = []
    for c in range(count):
        c_info_gain = info_gain(ent, cond_ent(datasets, axis=c))
        best_feature.append((c, c_info_gain))
        print(‘特征({}) - info_gain - {:.3f}‘.format(labels[c], c_info_gain))
    # 比较大小
    best_ = max(best_feature, key=lambda x: x[-1])
    return ‘特征({})的信息增益最大,选择为根节点特征‘.format(labels[best_[0]])
info_gain_train(np.array(datasets))

利用ID3算法生成决策树,例5.3

# 定义节点类 二叉树
class Node:
    def __init__(self, root=True, label=None, feature_name=None, feature=None):
        self.root = root
        self.label = label
        self.feature_name = feature_name
        self.feature = feature
        self.tree = {}
        self.result = {
            ‘label:‘: self.label,
            ‘feature‘: self.feature,
            ‘tree‘: self.tree
        }

    def __repr__(self):
        return ‘{}‘.format(self.result)

    def add_node(self, val, node):
        self.tree[val] = node

    def predict(self, features):
        if self.root is True:
            return self.label
        return self.tree[features[self.feature]].predict(features)


class DTree:
    def __init__(self, epsilon=0.1):
        self.epsilon = epsilon
        self._tree = {}

    # 熵
    @staticmethod
    def calc_ent(datasets):
        data_length = len(datasets)
        label_count = {}
        for i in range(data_length):
            label = datasets[i][-1]
            if label not in label_count:
                label_count[label] = 0
            label_count[label] += 1
        ent = -sum([(p / data_length) * log(p / data_length, 2)
                    for p in label_count.values()])
        return ent

    # 经验条件熵
    def cond_ent(self, datasets, axis=0):
        data_length = len(datasets)
        feature_sets = {}
        for i in range(data_length):
            feature = datasets[i][axis]
            if feature not in feature_sets:
                feature_sets[feature] = []
            feature_sets[feature].append(datasets[i])
        cond_ent = sum([(len(p) / data_length) * self.calc_ent(p)
                        for p in feature_sets.values()])
        return cond_ent

    # 信息增益
    @staticmethod
    def info_gain(ent, cond_ent):
        return ent - cond_ent

    def info_gain_train(self, datasets):
        count = len(datasets[0]) - 1
        ent = self.calc_ent(datasets)
        best_feature = []
        for c in range(count):
            c_info_gain = self.info_gain(ent, self.cond_ent(datasets, axis=c))
            best_feature.append((c, c_info_gain))
        # 比较大小
        best_ = max(best_feature, key=lambda x: x[-1])
        return best_

    def train(self, train_data):
        """
        input:数据集D(DataFrame格式),特征集A,阈值eta
        output:决策树T
        """
        _, y_train, features = train_data.iloc[:, :
                                               -1], train_data.iloc[:,
                                                                    -1], train_data.columns[:
                                                                                            -1]
        # 1,若D中实例属于同一类Ck,则T为单节点树,并将类Ck作为结点的类标记,返回T
        if len(y_train.value_counts()) == 1:
            return Node(root=True, label=y_train.iloc[0])

        # 2, 若A为空,则T为单节点树,将D中实例树最大的类Ck作为该节点的类标记,返回T
        if len(features) == 0:
            return Node(
                root=True,
                label=y_train.value_counts().sort_values(
                    ascending=False).index[0])

        # 3,计算最大信息增益 同5.1,Ag为信息增益最大的特征
        max_feature, max_info_gain = self.info_gain_train(np.array(train_data))
        max_feature_name = features[max_feature]

        # 4,Ag的信息增益小于阈值eta,则置T为单节点树,并将D中是实例数最大的类Ck作为该节点的类标记,返回T
        if max_info_gain < self.epsilon:
            return Node(
                root=True,
                label=y_train.value_counts().sort_values(
                    ascending=False).index[0])

        # 5,构建Ag子集
        node_tree = Node(
            root=False, feature_name=max_feature_name, feature=max_feature)

        feature_list = train_data[max_feature_name].value_counts().index
        for f in feature_list:
            sub_train_df = train_data.loc[train_data[max_feature_name] ==
                                          f].drop([max_feature_name], axis=1)

            # 6, 递归生成树
            sub_tree = self.train(sub_train_df)
            node_tree.add_node(f, sub_tree)

        # pprint.pprint(node_tree.tree)
        return node_tree

    def fit(self, train_data):
        self._tree = self.train(train_data)
        return self._tree

    def predict(self, X_test):
        return self._tree.predict(X_test)

datasets, labels = create_data()
data_df = pd.DataFrame(datasets, columns=labels)
dt = DTree()
tree = dt.fit(data_df)

实验四 决策树算法及应用

标签:方法学   需要   sum   orm   max   数据   ram   测试   使用   

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/smallsung/p/14941710.html

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