struct task_struct {
	volatile long state;	/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
	struct thread_info *thread_info;
	atomic_t usage;
	unsigned long flags;	/* per process flags, defined below */
	unsigned long ptrace;
 
	int lock_depth;		/* Lock depth */
 
	int prio, static_prio;
	struct list_head run_list;
	prio_array_t *array;
 
	unsigned long sleep_avg;
	unsigned long long timestamp, last_ran;
	int activated;
 
	unsigned long policy;
	cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
	unsigned int time_slice, first_time_slice;
 
#ifdef CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
	struct sched_info sched_info;
#endif
 
	struct list_head tasks;
	/*
	 * ptrace_list/ptrace_children forms the list of my children
	 * that were stolen by a ptracer.
	 */
	struct list_head ptrace_children;
	struct list_head ptrace_list;
 
	struct mm_struct *mm, *active_mm;
 
/* task state */
	struct linux_binfmt *binfmt;
	long exit_state;
	int exit_code, exit_signal;
	int pdeath_signal;  /*  The signal sent when the parent dies  */
	/* ??? */
	unsigned long personality;
	unsigned did_exec:1;
	pid_t pid;
	pid_t tgid;
	/* 
	 * pointers to (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
	 * older sibling, respectively.  (p->father can be replaced with 
	 * p->parent->pid)
	 */
	struct task_struct *real_parent; /* real parent process (when being debugged) */
	struct task_struct *parent;	/* parent process */
	/*
	 * children/sibling forms the list of my children plus the
	 * tasks I‘m ptracing.
	 */
	struct list_head children;	/* list of my children */
	struct list_head sibling;	/* linkage in my parent‘s children list */
	struct task_struct *group_leader;	/* threadgroup leader */
 
	/* PID/PID hash table linkage. */
	struct pid pids[PIDTYPE_MAX];
 
	struct completion *vfork_done;		/* for vfork() */
	int __user *set_child_tid;		/* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID */
	int __user *clear_child_tid;		/* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID */
 
	unsigned long rt_priority;
	unsigned long it_real_value, it_real_incr;
	cputime_t it_virt_value, it_virt_incr;
	cputime_t it_prof_value, it_prof_incr;
	struct timer_list real_timer;
	cputime_t utime, stime;
	unsigned long nvcsw, nivcsw; /* context switch counts */
	struct timespec start_time;
/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */
	unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt;
/* process credentials */
	uid_t uid,euid,suid,fsuid;
	gid_t gid,egid,sgid,fsgid;
	struct group_info *group_info;
	kernel_cap_t   cap_effective, cap_inheritable, cap_permitted;
	unsigned keep_capabilities:1;
	struct user_struct *user;
#ifdef CONFIG_KEYS
	struct key *session_keyring;	/* keyring inherited over fork */
	struct key *process_keyring;	/* keyring private to this process (CLONE_THREAD) */
	struct key *thread_keyring;	/* keyring private to this thread */
#endif
	int oomkilladj; /* OOM kill score adjustment (bit shift). */
	char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
/* file system info */
	int link_count, total_link_count;
/* ipc stuff */
	struct sysv_sem sysvsem;
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
	struct thread_struct thread;
/* filesystem information */
	struct fs_struct *fs;
/* open file information */
	struct files_struct *files;
/* namespace */
	struct namespace *namespace;
/* signal handlers */
	struct signal_struct *signal;
	struct sighand_struct *sighand;
 
	sigset_t blocked, real_blocked;
	struct sigpending pending;
 
	unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
	size_t sas_ss_size;
	int (*notifier)(void *priv);
	void *notifier_data;
	sigset_t *notifier_mask;
	
	void *security;
	struct audit_context *audit_context;
 
/* Thread group tracking */
   	u32 parent_exec_id;
   	u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings */
	spinlock_t alloc_lock;
/* Protection of proc_dentry: nesting proc_lock, dcache_lock, write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock); */
	spinlock_t proc_lock;
/* context-switch lock */
	spinlock_t switch_lock;
 
/* journalling filesystem info */
	void *journal_info;
 
/* VM state */
	struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;
 
	struct dentry *proc_dentry;
	struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;
 
	struct io_context *io_context;
 
	unsigned long ptrace_message;
	siginfo_t *last_siginfo; /* For ptrace use.  */
/*
 * current io wait handle: wait queue entry to use for io waits
 * If this thread is processing aio, this points at the waitqueue
 * inside the currently handled kiocb. It may be NULL (i.e. default
 * to a stack based synchronous wait) if its doing sync IO.
 */
	wait_queue_t *io_wait;
/* i/o counters(bytes read/written, #syscalls */
	u64 rchar, wchar, syscr, syscw;
#if defined(CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT)
	u64 acct_rss_mem1;	/* accumulated rss usage */
	u64 acct_vm_mem1;	/* accumulated virtual memory usage */
	clock_t acct_stimexpd;	/* clock_t-converted stime since last update */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
  	struct mempolicy *mempolicy;
	short il_next;
#endif
};

// include/linux/sched.h
 
union thread_union{
    struct thread_info thread_info;
    unsigned long stack[2048];
}

3.1  进程状态

// include/linux/sched.h
 
/*
 * cloning flags:
 */
#define CSIGNAL		0x000000ff	/* signal mask to be sent at exit */
#define CLONE_VM	0x00000100	/* set if VM shared between processes */
#define CLONE_FS	0x00000200	/* set if fs info shared between processes */
#define CLONE_FILES	0x00000400	/* set if open files shared between processes */
#define CLONE_SIGHAND	0x00000800	/* set if signal handlers and blocked signals shared */
#define CLONE_PTRACE	0x00002000	/* set if we want to let tracing continue on the child too */
#define CLONE_VFORK	0x00004000	/* set if the parent wants the child to wake it up on mm_release */
#define CLONE_PARENT	0x00008000	/* set if we want to have the same parent as the cloner */
#define CLONE_THREAD	0x00010000	/* Same thread group? */
#define CLONE_NEWNS	0x00020000	/* New namespace group? */
#define CLONE_SYSVSEM	0x00040000	/* share system V SEM_UNDO semantics */
#define CLONE_SETTLS	0x00080000	/* create a new TLS for the child */
#define CLONE_PARENT_SETTID	0x00100000	/* set the TID in the parent */
#define CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID	0x00200000	/* clear the TID in the child */
#define CLONE_DETACHED		0x00400000	/* Unused, ignored */
#define CLONE_UNTRACED		0x00800000	/* set if the tracing process can‘t force CLONE_PTRACE on this clone */
#define CLONE_CHILD_SETTID	0x01000000	/* set the TID in the child */
#define CLONE_STOPPED		0x02000000	/* Start in stopped state */
 
/*
 * List of flags we want to share for kernel threads,
 * if only because they are not used by them anyway.
 */
#define CLONE_KERNEL    (CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES | CLONE_SIGHAND)

//  kernel/fork.c
 
/*
 *  Ok, this is the main fork-routine.
 *
 * It copies the process, and if successful kick-starts
 * it and waits for it to finish using the VM if required.
 */
long do_fork(unsigned long clone_flags,
	      unsigned long stack_start,
	      struct pt_regs *regs,
	      unsigned long stack_size,
	      int __user *parent_tidptr,
	      int __user *child_tidptr)
{
	struct task_struct *p;
	int trace = 0;
	long pid = alloc_pidmap();//通过查找pidmap_array位图，为子进程分配新的PID
	if (pid < 0)
		return -EAGAIN;
	/* 检查子进程是否要跟踪*/
	if (unlikely(current->ptrace)) {
		trace = fork_traceflag (clone_flags);
		if (trace)
			clone_flags |= CLONE_PTRACE;
	}
	/* 核心！复制父进程的task_struct，并申请了内核栈和thread_info */
	p = copy_process(clone_flags, stack_start, regs, stack_size, parent_tidptr, child_tidptr, pid);
	/*
	 * Do this prior waking up the new thread - the thread pointer
	 * might get invalid after that point, if the thread exits quickly.
	 */
	if (!IS_ERR(p)) {
		struct completion vfork;
		if (clone_flags & CLONE_VFORK) {
			p->vfork_done = &vfork;
			init_completion(&vfork);
		}
		/* 如果设置了CLONE_STOPPED标志，或要跟踪子进程，那么子进程被设置成TASK_STOPPED,并为子进程增加挂起的SIGSTOP信号，在另一进程把子进程的状态恢复为TASK_RUNNING之前（通常是SIGCONT信号），子进程不得运行*/
		if ((p->ptrace & PT_PTRACED) || (clone_flags & CLONE_STOPPED)) {
			/*
			 * We‘ll start up with an immediate SIGSTOP.
			 */
			sigaddset(&p->pending.signal, SIGSTOP);
			set_tsk_thread_flag(p, TIF_SIGPENDING);
		}
		/* 唤醒子进程，1）若父子进程在同一cpu且不能共享页表（CLONE_VM=0）,则在运行队列中，把子进程插入在父进程前面，以避免不必要的写时复制开销;2）不同cpu或CLONE_VM=1,把子进程插入如今成运行队列的队尾 */
		if (!(clone_flags & CLONE_STOPPED))
			wake_up_new_task(p, clone_flags);
		else
			p->state = TASK_STOPPED;
		/* 如果父进程被跟踪，则把子进程pid保存，以使祖父进程（debugger）获取 */
		if (unlikely (trace)) {
			current->ptrace_message = pid;
			ptrace_notify ((trace << 8) | SIGTRAP);
		}
		/* vfrok要求父进程挂起，直到子进程结束或执行新的程序 */
		if (clone_flags & CLONE_VFORK) {
			wait_for_completion(&vfork);
			if (unlikely (current->ptrace & PT_TRACE_VFORK_DONE))
				ptrace_notify ((PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE << 8) | SIGTRAP);
		}
	} else {
		free_pidmap(pid);
		pid = PTR_ERR(p);
	}
	return pid;
}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <bits/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int glob = 6;
char buf[] = "a write to stdout\n";
int main(void)
{
	int var;
	pid_t pid;
	var = 88;
	if(write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf)-1) != sizeof(buf)-1)
		printf("write error\n");
	printf("before fork\n");
	if((pid = fork()) < 0){
		printf("fork error\n");
	} else if(pid == 0) {    /* child */
		glob++;
		var++;
	} else{                  /* parent */
		sleep(2);
	}
	printf("pid = %d, glob = %d, var = %d\n", getpid(), glob, var);
	exit(0);
}

static int init(void * unused)
{
	lock_kernel();
	/*
	 * Tell the world that we‘re going to be the grim
	 * reaper of innocent orphaned children.
	 *
	 * We don‘t want people to have to make incorrect
	 * assumptions about where in the task array this
	 * can be found.
	 */
	child_reaper = current;
	/* Sets up cpus_possible() */
	smp_prepare_cpus(max_cpus);   /* 这里创建其他0号进程 */
	do_pre_smp_initcalls();
	fixup_cpu_present_map();
	smp_init();
	sched_init_smp();
	/*
	 * Do this before initcalls, because some drivers want to access
	 * firmware files.
	 */
	populate_rootfs();
	do_basic_setup();
	/*
	 * check if there is an early userspace init.  If yes, let it do all
	 * the work
	 */
	if (sys_access((const char __user *) "/init", 0) == 0)
		execute_command = "/init";
	else
		prepare_namespace();
	/*
	 * Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
	 * we‘re essentially up and running. Get rid of the
	 * initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
	 */
	free_initmem();
	unlock_kernel();
	system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
	numa_default_policy();
	if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
		printk("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
	(void) sys_dup(0);
	(void) sys_dup(0);
	
	/*
	 * We try each of these until one succeeds.
	 *
	 * The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are 
	 * trying to recover a really broken machine.
	 */
	if (execute_command)
		run_init_process(execute_command);
	run_init_process("/sbin/init");
	run_init_process("/etc/init");
	run_init_process("/bin/init");
	run_init_process("/bin/sh");
	panic("No init found.  Try passing init= option to kernel.");
}

// include/linux/resource.h
 
struct rlimit {
        unsigned long   rlim_cur;
        unsigned long   rlim_max;
};