标签：des http io ar os 使用 sp for strong
本文给出了机器学习中AdaBoost算法的一个简单初等证明，需要使用的数学工具为微积分-1.
Adaboost is a powerful algorithm for predicting models. However, a major disadvantage is that Adaboost may lead to over-fit in the presence of noise. Freund, Y. & Schapire, R. E. (1997) proved that the training error of the ensemble is bounded by the following expression: \begin{equation}\label{ada1}e_{ensemble}\le \prod_{t}2\cdot\sqrt{\epsilon_t\cdot(1-\epsilon_t)} \end{equation} where $\epsilon_t$ is the error rate of each base classifier $t$. If the error rate is less than 0.5, we can write $\epsilon_t=0.5-\gamma_t$, where $\gamma_t$ measures how much better the classifier is than random guessing (on binary problems). The bound on the training error of the ensemble becomes \begin{equation}\label{ada2} e_{ensemble}\le \prod_{t}\sqrt{1-4{\gamma_t}^2}\le e^{-2\sum_{t}{\gamma_t}^2} \end{equation} Thus if each base classifier is slightly better than random so that $\gamma_t>\gamma$ for some $\gamma>0$, then the training error drops exponentially fast. Nevertheless, because of its tendency to focus on training examples that are misclassified, Adaboost algorithm can be quite susceptible to over-fitting. We will give a new simple proof of \ref{ada1} and \ref{ada2}; additionally, we try to explain why the parameter $\alpha_t=\frac{1}{2}\cdot\log\frac{1-\epsilon_t}{\epsilon_t}$ in boosting algorithm.
AdaBoost Algorithm:
Recall the boosting algorithm is: Given $(x_1, y_1), (x_2, y_2), \cdots, (x_m, y_m)$, where $x_i\in X, y_i\in Y=\{-1, +1\}$.
Initialize $D_1(i)=\frac{1}{m}$. For $t=1, 2, \ldots, T$: Train weak learner using distribution $D_t$. Get weak hypothesis $h_t: X\rightarrow \{-1, +1\}$ with error \[\epsilon_t=\Pr_{i\sim D_t}[h_t (x_i)\ne y_i]\] If $\epsilon_i >0.5$, then the weights $D_t (i)$ are reverted back to their original uniform values $\frac{1}{m}$.
Choose \begin{equation}\label{boost3} \alpha_t=\frac{1}{2}\cdot \log\frac{1-\epsilon_t}{\epsilon_t} \end{equation}
Update: \begin{equation}\label{boost4} D_{t+1}(i)=\frac{D_{t}(i)}{Z_t}\times \left\{\begin{array}{c c} e^{-\alpha_t} & \quad \textrm{if $h_t(x_i)=y_i$}\\ e^{\alpha_t} & \quad \textrm{if $h_t(x_i)\ne y_i$} \end{array} \right. \end{equation} where $Z_t$ is a normalization factor.
Output the final hypothesis.
Proof: \[H(x)=sign(\sum_{t=1}^{T}\alpha_t\cdot h_t(x))\] Firstly, we will prove \ref{ada1}, note that $D_{t+1}(i)$ is the distribution and its summation $\sum_{i}D_{t+1}(i)$ equals 1, hence \[Z_t=\sum_{i}D_{t+1}(i)\cdot Z_t=\sum_{i}D_t(i)\times \left\{\begin{array}{c c} e^{-\alpha_t} & \quad \textrm{if $h_t(x_i)=y_i$}\\ e^{\alpha_t} & \quad \textrm{if $h_t(x_i)\ne y_i$} \end{array} \right.\] \[=\sum_{i:\ h_t(x_i)=y_i}D_t(i)\cdot e^{-\alpha_t}+\sum_{i:\ h_t(x_i)\ne y_i}D_t(i)\cdot e^{\alpha_t}\] \[=e^{-\alpha_t}\cdot \sum_{i:\ h_t(x_i)=y_i}D_t(i)+e^{\alpha_t}\cdot \sum_{i:\ h_t(x_i)\ne y_i}D_t(i)\] \begin{equation}\label{boost5} =e^{-\alpha_t}\cdot (1-\epsilon_t)+e^{\alpha_t}\cdot \epsilon_t \end{equation} In order to find $\alpha_t$ we can minimize $Z_t$ by making its first order derivative equal to 0. \[{[e^{-\alpha_t}\cdot (1-\epsilon_t)+e^{\alpha_t}\cdot \epsilon_t]}^{‘}=-e^{-\alpha_t}\cdot (1-\epsilon_t)+e^{\alpha_t}\cdot \epsilon_t=0\] \[\Rightarrow \alpha_t=\frac{1}{2}\cdot \log\frac{1-\epsilon_t}{\epsilon_t}\] which is \ref{boost3} in the boosting algorithm. Then we put $\alpha_t$ back to \ref{boost5} \[Z_t=e^{-\alpha_t}\cdot (1-\epsilon_t)+e^{\alpha_t}\cdot \epsilon_t=e^{-\frac{1}{2}\log\frac{1-\epsilon_t}{\epsilon_t}}\cdot (1-\epsilon_t)+e^{\frac{1}{2}\log\frac{1-\epsilon_t}{\epsilon_t}}\cdot\epsilon_t\] \begin{equation}\label{boost6} =2\sqrt{\epsilon_t\cdot(1-\epsilon_t)} \end{equation} On the other hand, derive from \ref{boost4} we have \[D_{t+1}(i)=\frac{D_t(i)\cdot e^{-\alpha_t\cdot y_i\cdot h_t(x_i)}}{Z_t}=\frac{D_t(i)\cdot e^{K_t}}{Z_t}\] Since the product will either be $1$ if $h_t (x_i )=y_i$ or $-1$ if $h_t (x_i )\ne y_i$. Thus we can write down all of the equations \[D_1(i)=\frac{1}{m}\] \[D_2(i)=\frac{D_1(i)\cdot e^{K_1}}{Z_1}\] \[D_3(i)=\frac{D_2(i)\cdot e^{K_2}}{Z_2}\] \[\ldots\ldots\ldots\] \[D_{t+1}(i)=\frac{D_t(i)\cdot e^{K_t}}{Z_t}\] Multiply all equalities above and obtain \[D_{t+1}(i)=\frac{1}{m}\cdot\frac{e^{-y_i\cdot f(x_i)}}{\prod_{t}Z_t}\] where $f(x_i)=\sum_{t}\alpha_t\cdot h_t(x_i)$. Thus \begin{equation}\label{boost7} \frac{1}{m}\cdot \sum_{i}e^{-y_i\cdot f(x_i)}=\sum_{i}D_{t+1}(i)\cdot\prod_{t}Z_t=\prod_{t}Z_t \end{equation} Note that if $\epsilon_i>0.5$ the data set will be re-sampled until $\epsilon_i\le0.5$. In other words, the parameter $\alpha_t\ge0$ in each valid iteration process. The training error of the ensemble can be expressed as \[e_{ensemble}=\frac{1}{m}\cdot\sum_{i}\left\{\begin{array}{c c} 1 & \quad \textrm{if $y_i\ne h_t(x_i)$}\\ 0 & \quad \textrm{if $y_i=h_t(x_i)$} \end{array} \right. =\frac{1}{m}\cdot \sum_{i}\left\{\begin{array}{c c} 1 & \quad \textrm{if $y_i\cdot f(x_i)\le0$}\\ 0 & \quad \textrm{if $y_i\cdot f(x_i)>0$} \end{array} \right.\] \begin{equation}\label{boost8} \le\frac{1}{m}\cdot\sum_{i}e^{-y_i\cdot f(x_i)}=\prod_{t}Z_t \end{equation} The last step derives from \ref{boost7}. According to \ref{boost6} and \ref{boost8}, we proved \ref{ada1} \begin{equation}\label{boost9} e_{ensemble}\le \prod_{t}2\cdot\sqrt{\epsilon_t\cdot(1-\epsilon_t)} \end{equation} In order to prove \ref{ada2}, we have to firstly proof the following inequality: \begin{equation}\label{boost10} 1+x\le e^x \end{equation} Or the equivalence $e^x-x-1\ge0$. Let $f(x)=e^x-x-1$, then \[f^{‘}(x)=e^x-1=0\Rightarrow x=0\] Since $f^{‘‘}(x)=e^x>0$, so \[{f(x)}_{min}=f(0)=0\Rightarrow e^x-x-1\ge0\] which is desired. Now we go back to \ref{boost9} and let \[\epsilon_t=\frac{1}{2}-\gamma_t\] where $\gamma_t$ measures how much better the classifier is than random guessing (on binary problems). Based on \ref{boost10} we have \[e_{ensemble}\le\prod_{t}2\cdot\sqrt{\epsilon_t\cdot(1-\epsilon_t)}\] \[=\prod_{t}\sqrt{1-4\gamma_t^2}\] \[=\prod_{t}[1+(-4\gamma_t^2)]^{\frac{1}{2}}\] \[\le\prod_{t}(e^{-4\gamma_t^2})^\frac{1}{2}=\prod_{t}e^{-2\gamma_t^2}\] \[=e^{-2\cdot\sum_{t}\gamma_t^2}\] as desired.
标签：des http io ar os 使用 sp for strong
原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/zhaoyin/p/4122347.html
