there are two way:
First :
Inside your CD of SQL Server 2012
you can go to this path \redist\VisualStudioShell.
And you most install this file VS10sp1-KB983509.msp.
After several minutes your problem fix.
Restart your computer and then fire SetUp of SQL Server 2012.
See this picture.
Secound :
But if you want download online Service Pack 1 view This Link
And press download.
After download run this exe file and let it download and fix your VS2010 to VS2010 SP1.
And then restart your windows.
After this operation you can install SQL Server 2012
