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JS搞基指南----延迟对象入门提高资料整理

时间:2015-01-23 09:23:54      阅读:288      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

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原文:JS搞基指南----延迟对象入门提高资料整理

  JavaScript的Deferred是比较高大上的东西,  主要的应用还是主ajax的应用,  因为JS和nodeJS这几年的普及,  前端的代码越来越多,  各种回调套回调再套回调实在太让人崩溃, 所以就从后端拖了一个延迟对象这货, 用来解决回调地狱这个问题 。

   我们使用ajax的时候多数都是为ajax添加回调 ,然后异步向服务器发送请求, 比如如下原生的XHR代码:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
    <head>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
        <title>
        填坑必备
        </title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div id="results">
            data
        </div>
        <script>
            var results = document.getElementById(‘results‘);
            var r = new XMLHttpRequest();
            r.open("GET", "http://www.filltext.com?rows=10&f={firstName}", true);
            r.onreadystatechange = function () {
                if (r.readyState != 4 || r.status != 200) return;
                var data = JSON.parse(r.responseText);
                for (i=0;i<data.length;i++){
                    results.innerHTML += ‘<li>‘+data[i].f+‘</li>‘
                };
            };
            r.send();
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

 

   因为jQ1.5以后版本的ajax的实例对象继承了延迟对象, 我们可以使用ajax实例的then或者done以及fail等等方法 ,所以上面的代码可以改写为:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
    <head>
        <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
        <title>
        填坑必备
        </title>
    </head>
  //bootcdn这个cdn满好用的, 上面好多库哇, 推荐一下; <script src="http://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/2.1.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <body> <div id="results"> data </div> <script>
                                      //then : $.get, $.post, $.ajax返回的对象是延迟对象(deferred);
$.get("http://www.filltext.com?rows=10&f={firstName}").then(function(data){
          console.log(data);
for (i=0;i<data.length;i++){ $("#results").html(function(){ return $.map(data,function( obj ) { return obj.f }).join(" || ") }) }; }); </script> </body> </html>

 

  下划线的这个是网上抄的,不想看可以略过:异步模式在web编程中变得越来越重要,对于web主流语言Javscript来说,这种模式实现起来不是很利索,为此,许多Javascript库(比如 jQuery和Dojo)添加了一种称为promise的抽象(有时也称之为deferred)。通过这些库,开发人员能够在实际编程中使用 promise模式。

  先说下延迟对象的三种状态, 当一个延迟对象被初始化那么该对象默认为peding状态

    1:pending等待状态

     2:fulfilled执行完成状态

     3:rejected拒绝状态;

  延迟对象的两个主要方法:

    1:add 这个方法是添加成功回调

    2:fail 这个方法是添加拒绝回调

  延迟对象比较高级的方法:

    1:then方法; 该方法返回一个包裹了旧延迟对象新延迟对象

    2:promise方法;这个对象返回的是阉割后的Defered(延迟对象),主要作用是保护原来延迟对象;

    3:when这个方法不是在延迟对象的实例上, (根据库的不同, when这个方法在不同的地方,比如jQ的when方法是$.when,别的库( •? ω •? ) 也说不准, 反正when的源代码是在Deferred附近), 但是和延迟对象息息相关, 因为这个方法返回的也是一个延迟对象, 顾名思义when的作用就是:when你传的几个延迟对象全部resolve以后, when的返回实例会resolve....懂得自然懂, 不急;

   下面这张图是jQ这个Deferred实例对象方法, 提供参考:技术分享

  以下的JS代码是《司徒框架设计》里面介绍的延迟对象mochikit, 可以自己在控制台跟踪一下就知道执行的流程:
mochikit延迟对象源代码如下, 这个延迟对象很好理解;GitHub的地址是: https://github.com/mochi/mochikit/

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>无标题文档</title>
</head>
<body>
<script>
/** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred */
var MochiKitDeferred = function (/* optional */ canceller) {
    this.chain = [];
    this.id = this._nextId();
    this.fired = -1;
    this.paused = 0;
    this.results = [null, null];
    this.canceller = canceller;
    this.silentlyCancelled = false;
    this.chained = false;
    this.finalized = false;
    this.GenericError = function(msg){
        return new Error("GenericError"+msg);
    };
    this.CancelledError = function(msg) {
        return new Error("CancelledError"+msg);
    };
};

MochiKitDeferred.prototype = {
    /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.repr */
    repr: function () {
        return ‘Deferred(‘ + this.id + ‘, ‘ + this.state() + ‘)‘;
    },

    toString: "",

    _nextId: function() {
        //return setTimeout("",0),中间要有一个空格, 要么不行;
        return setTimeout(" ",0);
    },

    /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.state */
    state: function () {
        if (this.fired == -1) {
            return ‘unfired‘;
        } else if (this.fired === 0) {
            return ‘success‘;
        } else {
            return ‘error‘;
        }
    },
    /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.cancel */
    cancel: function (e) {
        var self = this;
        if (this.fired == -1) {
            if (this.canceller) {
                this.canceller(this);
            } else {
                this.silentlyCancelled = true;
            }
            if (this.fired == -1) {
                if (typeof(e) === ‘string‘) {
                    e = new self.GenericError(e);
                } else if (!(e instanceof Error)) {
                    e = new self.CancelledError(this);
                }
                this.errback(e);
            }
        } else if ((this.fired === 0) && (this.results[0] instanceof self.Deferred)) {
            this.results[0].cancel(e);
        }
    },

    _resback: function (res) {
        /***

         The primitive that means either callback or errback

         ***/
        this.fired = ((res instanceof Error) ? 1 : 0);
        this.results[this.fired] = res;
        if (this.paused === 0) {
            this._fire();
        }
    },

    _check: function () {
        if (this.fired != -1) {
            if (!this.silentlyCancelled) {
                throw new MochiKit.Async.AlreadyCalledError(this);
            }
            this.silentlyCancelled = false;
            return;
        }
    },

    /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.callback */
    callback: function (res) {
        this._check();
        if (res instanceof MochiKit.Async.Deferred) {
            throw new Error("Deferred instances can only be chained if they are the result of a callback");
        }
        this._resback(res);
    },

    /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.errback */
    errback: function (res) {
        this._check();
        var self = MochiKit.Async;
        if (res instanceof self.Deferred) {
            throw new Error("Deferred instances can only be chained if they are the result of a callback");
        }
        if (!(res instanceof Error)) {
            res = new self.GenericError(res);
        }
        this._resback(res);
    },

    /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.addBoth */
    addBoth: function (fn) {
        return this.addCallbacks(fn, fn);
    },

    /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.addCallback */
    addCallback: function (fn) {
        if (arguments.length > 1) {
            fn = MochiKit.Base.partial.apply(null, arguments);
        }
        return this.addCallbacks(fn, null);
    },

    /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.addErrback */
    addErrback: function (fn) {
        if (arguments.length > 1) {
            fn = MochiKit.Base.partial.apply(null, arguments);
        }
        return this.addCallbacks(null, fn);
    },

    /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.addCallbacks */
    addCallbacks: function (cb, eb) {
        if (this.chained) {
            throw new Error("Chained Deferreds can not be re-used");
        }
        if (this.finalized) {
            throw new Error("Finalized Deferreds can not be re-used");
        }
        this.chain.push([cb, eb]);

        //已经触发了, 让他emitDirect;
        if (this.fired >= 0) {
            this._fire();
        }
        return this;
    },

    _fire: function () {
        /***

         Used internally to exhaust the callback sequence when a result
         is available.

         ***/
        var chain = this.chain;
        var fired = this.fired;
        var res = this.results[fired];
        var self = this;
        var cb = null;
        while (chain.length > 0 && this.paused === 0) {
            // Array
            var pair = chain.shift();
            var f = pair[fired];
            if (f === null) {
                continue;
            };
            try {
                res = f(res);
                fired = ((res instanceof Error) ? 1 : 0);
                if (res instanceof MochiKitDeferred) {
                    //new如果返回的是延迟对象, 那么this的.paused就被卡住了;
                    cb = function (res) {
                        self.paused--;
                        self._resback(res);
                    };
                    /*
                    */
                    this.paused++;
                };
            } catch (err) {
                fired = 1;
                if (!(err instanceof Error)) {
                    err = new MochiKitDeferred.GenericError(err);
                }
                res = err;
            };
        };
        this.fired = fired;
        this.results[fired] = res;
        if (this.chain.length == 0 && this.paused === 0 && this._finalizer) {
            this.finalized = true;
            this._finalizer(res);
        }
        if (cb && this.paused) {
            // this is for "tail recursion" in case the dependent deferred
            // is already fired
            res.addBoth(cb);
            res.chained = true;
        }
    }
};

//这个延迟对象最常用方式是这样:
var df = new MochiKitDeferred();
df.addBoth(function(){ 
    console.log(1);
}).addBoth(function(){ 
    console.log(2) 
})
df._resback(); // 控制他打出 ==>1 \n\r   2 \n\r;

//这个延迟对象最常用方式是这样; //当然, 你可以把上面一个函数的返回值作为下一个函数的参数, 如下: var df = new MochiKitDeferred(); df.addBoth(function(){ return 0 }).addBoth(function(arg){ console.log(arg); return 1; }).addBoth(function(arg){ console.log(arg); return 2; }).addBoth(function(arg){ console.log(arg); }) df._resback(); // 控制他打出 ==>1 \n\r 2 \n\r; </script> </body> </html>

 


  博客园上博友教你写一个比较简单的延迟对象, 地址是: http://www.cnblogs.com/ygm125/p/3735677.html

  是代码量比较少的, 也好理解, 实在不懂就开控制器一步一步跟踪, 多看几遍, 不懂都说不过去:

技术分享
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>无标题文档</title>
</head>
<body>
<script>

(function(window,undefined){

    var PENDING = undefined, FULFILLED = 1, REJECTED = 2;
    
    var isFunction = function(obj){
        return ‘function‘ === typeof obj;
    }
    var isArray = function(obj) {
        return Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) === "[object Array]";
    }
    var isThenable = function(obj){
        return obj && typeof obj[‘then‘] == ‘function‘;
    }
    
    var transition = function(status,value){
        var promise = this;
        if(promise._status !== PENDING) return;
        // 所以的执行都是异步调用,保证then是先执行的
        setTimeout(function(){
            promise._status = status;
            publish.call(promise,value);
        });
    }
    var publish = function(val){
        var promise = this,
            fn,
            st = promise._status === FULFILLED,
            queue = promise[st ? ‘_resolves‘ : ‘_rejects‘];
        
        while(fn = queue.shift()) {
            val = fn.call(promise, val) || val;
        }
        promise[st ? ‘_value‘ : ‘_reason‘] = val;
        promise[‘_resolves‘] = promise[‘_rejects‘] = undefined;
    }
    
    var Promise = function(resolver){
        if (!isFunction(resolver))
            throw new TypeError(‘You must pass a resolver function as the first argument to the promise constructor‘);
        if(!(this instanceof Promise)) return new Promise(resolver);
    
        var promise = this;
        promise._value;
        promise._reason;
        promise._status = PENDING;
        promise._resolves = [];
        promise._rejects = [];
        
        var resolve = function(value){
            transition.apply(promise,[FULFILLED].concat([value]));
        }
        var reject = function(reason){
            transition.apply(promise,[REJECTED].concat([reason]));
        }
        
        resolver(resolve,reject);
    }
    
    Promise.prototype.then = function(onFulfilled,onRejected){
        var promise = this;
        // 每次返回一个promise,保证是可thenable的
        return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
            function callback(value){
              var ret = isFunction(onFulfilled) && onFulfilled(value) || value;
              if(isThenable(ret)){
                ret.then(function(value){
                   resolve(value);
                },function(reason){
                   reject(reason);
                });
              }else{
                resolve(ret);
              }
            }
            function errback(reason){
                reason = isFunction(onRejected) && onRejected(reason) || reason;
                reject(reason);
            }
            if(promise._status === PENDING){
                promise._resolves.push(callback);
                promise._rejects.push(errback);
            }else if(promise._status === FULFILLED){ // 状态改变后的then操作,立刻执行
                callback(promise._value);
            }else if(promise._status === REJECTED){
                errback(promise._reason);
            }
        });
    }
    
    Promise.prototype.catch = function(onRejected){
        return this.then(undefined, onRejected)
    }
    
    Promise.prototype.delay = function(ms){
        return this.then(function(val){
            return Promise.delay(ms,val);
        })
    }
    
    Promise.delay = function(ms,val){
        return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
            setTimeout(function(){
                resolve(val);
            },ms);
        })
    }
    
    Promise.resolve = function(arg){
        return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
            resolve(arg)
        })
    }
    
    Promise.reject = function(arg){
        return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
            reject(arg)
        })
    }
    
    Promise.all = function(promises){
        if (!isArray(promises)) {
            throw new TypeError(‘You must pass an array to all.‘);
        }
        return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
            var i = 0,
                result = [],
                len = promises.length;
    
            function resolver(index) {
              return function(value) {
                resolveAll(index, value);
              };
            }
    
            function rejecter(reason){
                reject(reason);
            }
    
            function resolveAll(index,value){
                result[index] = value;
                if(index == len - 1){
                    resolve(result);
                }
            }
    
            for (; i < len; i++) {
                promises[i].then(resolver(i),rejecter);
            }
        });
    }
    
    Promise.race = function(promises){
        if (!isArray(promises)) {
            throw new TypeError(‘You must pass an array to race.‘);
        }
        return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
            var i = 0,
                len = promises.length;
    
            function resolver(value) {
                resolve(value);
            }
    
            function rejecter(reason){
                reject(reason);
            }
    
            for (; i < len; i++) {
                promises[i].then(resolver,rejecter);
            }
        });
    }
    
    window.Promise = Promise;

})(window);

//常见的使用方式如下:
var getData100 = function(){
    return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
        setTimeout(function(){
            resolve(‘100ms‘);
        },100);
    });
}

var getData200 = function(){
    return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
        setTimeout(function(){
            resolve(‘200ms‘);
        },200);
    });
}

getData100().then(function(data){
    console.log(data); // 100ms
    return getData200();
}).then(function(data){
    console.log(data); // 200ms
    return data + data;
}).then(function(data){
    console.log(data) // 200ms200ms
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
View Code

 

  

  公司这边的老段写的Deferred, 是从TypeScript编译成js的, 因为这个东西比较简单, 应该不算泄露公司机密哇, 代码的最后有几个使用的实例, 你点击运行即可查看, 有兴趣自己写一个延迟对象, 印象会更加深刻:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>无标题文档</title>
</head>
<body>
<script>

//d为目标对象, b为一个函数对象;
var __extends = this.__extends || function (d, b) {
    //继承了静态属性
    for (var p in b) if (b.hasOwnProperty(p)) d[p] = b[p];
    function __() { this.constructor = d; }
    //继承了原型
    __.prototype = b.prototype;
    d.prototype = new __();
};

//Promise这个构造器, Deferred继承Promise;
var Promise = (function () {
    function Promise() {
    }
    /**
     * onDone/onFail 应该返回值(或抛出异常),即不应返回 undefined,忘记返回值通常是 Bug,因此会在控制台给出警告。
     * 如果确实不需要返回值,可返回 null。
     */
    Promise.prototype.then = function (onDone, onFail) {
        return null;
    };
    Object.defineProperty(Promise.prototype, "status", {
        get: function () {
            return 0;
        },
        enumerable: true,
        configurable: true
    });
    Object.defineProperty(Promise.prototype, "result", {
        get: function () {
            return undefined;
        },
        enumerable: true,
        configurable: true
    });
    Promise.prototype.done = function (onDone) {
        return this;
    };
    Promise.prototype.fail = function (onFail) {
        return this;
    };
    Promise.prototype.progress = function (onProgress) {
        return this;
    };

    Promise.when = function (promises) {
        var allDone = new Deferred();
        if (!promises.length) {
            allDone.resolve([]);
            return allDone;
        }
        var resolved = 0;
        for (var i = 0; i < promises.length; i++) {
            promises[i].done(function (v) {
                ++resolved;
                if (resolved === promises.length && allDone.status === Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
                    var results = promises.map(function (p) {
                        return p.result;
                    });
                    allDone.resolve(results);
                }
            }).fail(function (e) {
                        if (allDone.status === Promise.UNFULFILLED)
                            allDone.reject(e); //TODO 此处i是无用的,怎么指示是哪一个promise的信息?
                    }).progress(function (v) {
                        if (allDone.status === Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
                            allDone.notify(v); //TODO 此处i是无用的,怎么指示是哪一个promise的信息?
                        }
                    });
        }
        return allDone;
    };

    Promise.UNFULFILLED = 0;
    Promise.RESOLVED = 1;
    Promise.REJECTED = 2;
    return Promise;
})();

var Deferred = (function (_super) {
    //继承原型
    __extends(Deferred, _super);
    function Deferred() {
        //继承
        _super.call(this);
        //成功的列表;
        this._onDones = null;
        //失败的列表;
        this._onFails = null;
        //进度的回调列表;
        this._onProgresses = null;
        // 0 : 为解决, 1 : 已解决, 2 : 被拒绝了;
        this._status = Promise.UNFULFILLED;
        this._result = undefined;
        if (Deferred._DEBUG) {
            try  {
                throw new Error(‘Deferred constructor calling stack‘);
            } catch (e) {
                this._stack = e;
            };
        };
    };

    //直接通过访问_status也行;
    Object.defineProperty(Deferred.prototype, "status", {
        get: function () {
            return this._status;
        },
        enumerable: true,
        configurable: true
    });

    //直接访问实例的_result也行;
    Object.defineProperty(Deferred.prototype, "result", {
        get: function () {
            return this._result;
        },
        enumerable: true,
        configurable: true
    });

    //把callback的成功列表全部压栈;
    Deferred.prototype.done = function (onDone) {
        if (this._status == Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
            this._onDones = this._onDones || [];
            this._onDones.push(onDone);
        //如果已经成功直接触发成功回调, (这里要注意有种情况是“已经失败”的姿态, 这个成功回调并不会入栈或者触发);
        } else if (this._status == Promise.RESOLVED)
            this._emitEventDirectly(onDone);
        return this;
    };

    //把callback的失败列表全部压栈;
    Deferred.prototype.fail = function (onFail) {
        if (this._status == Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
            this._onFails = this._onFails || [];
            this._onFails.push(onFail);
            //如果已经失败直接触发失败回调;
        } else if (this._status == Promise.REJECTED)
            this._emitEventDirectly(onFail);
        return this;
    };

    Deferred.prototype.progress = function (onProgress) {
        if (this._status == Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
            this._onProgresses = this._onProgresses || [];
            this._onProgresses.push(onProgress);
        }
        return this;
    };

    //then这个很重要, 他会重新返回包装后的延迟对象, 也是延迟对象里面比较复杂的东西;
    //功过then可以实现链式调用, 实例如下:
    /*
    var df = new Deferred();
    df.then(function() {
        return 1
    }).then(function(arg) {
        console.log(arg); 
        return 2;
    }).then(function(arg){
        console.log(arg)
    });
    df.resolve();
*/
    Deferred.prototype.then = function (onDone, onFail) {
        var _this = this;
        var def = new Deferred();
        var result;

        //then返回的是新的延迟对象
        //done是为当前这个延迟对象添加延迟对象;
        this.done(function (data) {
            // 这个done很重要, 有三个判断;
            // 如果有没有onDone就直接为当前的resolve; 一个旧的derffer被resolve了那么新的deferred也resovle, resolve的参数为旧deferred的参数:实例如下
            /*
                var df = new Deferred();
                df.then().done(function(arg){
                    console.log(arg);
                });
                df.resolve("1");
            */

            // 如果有onDone, onDone的返回是非Deferred对象,通过resolve(返回值)闭包内的Deferred对象, 实例如下:
            /*
                var df = new Deferred();
                df.then(function() {return 2}).done(function(arg){
                    console.log(arg);
                });
                df.resolve();
            */

            // 如果有onDone, 而且onDone返回对象是Promise的实例, 那么为返回的这个promise添加一个onDone, 这个onDone添加闭包内部的promise对象的resolve, 实例如下:
            /*  
                var df = new Deferred();
                df.then(function() { 
                    var closureDf = new Deferred();
                    setTimeout(function(){ 
                        closureDf.resolve("haha") 
                    },4000); 
                    return closureDf.promise(); 
                }).done(function(arg){
                    console.log(arg);
                });
                df.resolve();
                
            */
            if (onDone) {
                try  {
                    result = onDone(data);
                    //主要是起到提示的作用;
                    _this._warnReturnValue(result);
                    if (result instanceof Promise) {
                        //result又是一个延迟对象的话, 当result发生resolve的时候,def也reslove
                        //result.done(def.resolve.bind(this)).fail(def.reject.bind(this)).progress(def.notify.bind(this));
                        //result.done(function(arg){ def.resolve(arg) }).fail(function(arg){ def.reject(arg) })
                        def._bindTo(result);
                        //
                        return result;
                    } else
                        //最好不要延迟对象套延迟对象, 会晕;
                        def.resolve(result);
                } catch (err) {
                    def.reject(err);
                }
            } else
                def.resolve(data);
        });
        this.fail(function (err) {
            if (onFail) {
                try  {
                    result = onFail(err);
                    _this._warnReturnValue(result);
                    if (result instanceof Promise) {
                        def._bindTo(result);
                        return result;
                    } else {
                        def.resolve(result);
                    }
                } catch (err2) {
                    def.reject(err2);
                }
            } else
                def.reject(err);
        });

        return def;
    };

    Deferred.prototype.resolve = function (data) {
        if (typeof data === ‘undefined‘)
            console.warn(‘>>>> Deferred.resolve() received undefined, likely a bug‘);
        return this._emitEvent(data, Promise.RESOLVED);
    };

    Deferred.prototype.reject = function (err) {
        if (Deferred._DEBUG) {
            try  {
                throw new Error(‘Deferred.reject calling stack‘);
            } catch (e) {
                logw(‘rejected: Defered.constructor stack:\n‘ + (this._stack[‘stack‘] || this._stack) + ‘\nrejected: Defered.rejected stack:\n‘ + (e[‘stack‘] || e) + ‘\nrejected: reason stack:\n‘ + (err[‘stack‘] || err));
            }
        }
        return this._emitEvent(err, Promise.REJECTED);
    };

    Deferred.prototype.notify = function (data) {
        return this._emitEvent(data);
    };

    //这个是触发事件的装饰者, 你要触发失败回调, 成功回调, 进度回调都需要走这边, 只是穿进来的姿态不一样而已;
    Deferred.prototype._emitEvent = function (data, status) {
        if (this._status != Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
            throw Error(‘fulfilled‘);
        }

        var callbacks;
        //处理事件列表;
        if (status === Promise.RESOLVED)
            callbacks = this._onDones;
        else if (status === Promise.REJECTED)
            callbacks = this._onFails;
        else
            callbacks = this._onProgresses;

        //没有status是onProgress的情况;
        if (status) {
            this._status = status;
            this._result = data;
            this._onDones = this._onFails = this._onProgresses = null;
        };

        if (callbacks) {
            for (var i = 0; i < callbacks.length; i++) {
                try  {
                    //这个是执行回调列表, 是线性的;
                    callbacks[i](data);
                } catch (e) {
                    this._log(e);
                }
            }
        }
        return this;
    };

    Deferred.prototype._bindTo = function (p) {
        p.done(this.resolve.bind(this)).fail(this.reject.bind(this)).progress(this.notify.bind(this));
    };

    Deferred.prototype._emitEventDirectly = function (callback) {
        var _this = this;
        if (!callback)
            return;
        setTimeout(function () {
            try  {
                callback(_this._result);
            } catch (e) {
                _this._log(e);
            }
        }, 0);
    };

    Deferred.prototype._log = function (err) {
        console.warn(err.stack || err);
    };

    Deferred.prototype._warnReturnValue = function (value) {
        if (typeof value === ‘undefined‘)
            console.warn(‘>>>> Promise.then(): onDone/onFail returns undefined, likely a bug‘);
        else if (value && !(value instanceof Promise) && typeof value.then === ‘function‘)
            console.warn(‘>>>> Promise.then(): onDone/onFail returns a promise-like object, likely a bug. Consider Promise.wrap().‘);
    };
    Deferred._DEBUG = false;
    return Deferred;
})(Promise);


//使用方法:
var df = new Deferred();
df.then(function() {
    return 1
}).then(function(arg) {
    console.log(arg); 
    return 2;
}).then(function(arg){
    console.log(arg)
});
df.resolve();

//单纯的Deferred相对于一个callbacks, 使用then方法就变成了链式调用(个人理解);
var df = new Deferred();
df.then().done(function(arg){
    console.log(arg);
});
df.resolve("1");

//欢迎拍砖;
var df = new Deferred();
df.then(function() {return 2}).done(function(arg){
    console.log(arg);
});
df.resolve();
</script>
</body>
</html>

 

 

   jQ1.7的延迟对象, 代码量比较少, 依赖callbacks,不太好懂, 慢慢看,参考jQ的延迟对象分析: http://www.cnblogs.com/snandy/archive/2012/12/19/2812935.html

 

   要先弄懂callbacks这个方法, 才能在弄懂Deferred,  when也只是一个Deferred的包装。 建议先看1.5版本的Deferred, 弄懂了再看1.7的Deferred, 下面的Deferred被我单独裁出来了,可以单独运行, 里面的注释是博客园的好像是aaron写的代码解析, 辅助大家看一下:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
<script>
//jQ部分的延迟对象截取;
jQuery = $ = {};
jQuery.extend = function() {
    var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone,
            target = arguments[0] || {},
            i = 1,
            length = arguments.length,
            deep = false;

    // Handle a deep copy situation
    if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) {
        deep = target;
        target = arguments[1] || {};
        // skip the boolean and the target
        i = 2;
    }

    // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy)
    if ( typeof target !== "object" && !jQuery.isFunction(target) ) {
        target = {};
    }

    // extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
    if ( length === i ) {
        target = this;
        --i;
    }

    for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
        // Only deal with non-null/undefined values
        if ( (options = arguments[ i ]) != null ) {
            // Extend the base object
            for ( name in options ) {
                src = target[ name ];
                copy = options[ name ];

                // Prevent never-ending loop
                if ( target === copy ) {
                    continue;
                }

                // Recurse if we‘re merging plain objects or arrays
                if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject(copy) || (copyIsArray = jQuery.isArray(copy)) ) ) {
                    if ( copyIsArray ) {
                        copyIsArray = false;
                        clone = src && jQuery.isArray(src) ? src : [];

                    } else {
                        clone = src && jQuery.isPlainObject(src) ? src : {};
                    }

                    // Never move original objects, clone them
                    target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy );

                    // Don‘t bring in undefined values
                } else if ( copy !== undefined ) {
                    target[ name ] = copy;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Return the modified object
    return target;
};

var optionsCache = {};
var core_rspace = /\s+/;
var core_toString = Object.prototype.toString;
var class2type = {};
jQuery.each = function( obj, callback, args ) {
    var name,
            i = 0,
            length = obj.length,
            isObj = length === undefined || jQuery.isFunction( obj );

    if ( args ) {
        if ( isObj ) {
            for ( name in obj ) {
                if ( callback.apply( obj[ name ], args ) === false ) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for ( ; i < length; ) {
                if ( callback.apply( obj[ i++ ], args ) === false ) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        // A special, fast, case for the most common use of each
    } else {
        if ( isObj ) {
            for ( name in obj ) {
                if ( callback.call( obj[ name ], name, obj[ name ] ) === false ) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        } else {
            for ( ; i < length; ) {
                if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i++ ] ) === false ) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    };
    return obj;
};
$.isFunction = function( obj ) {
    return jQuery.type(obj) === "function";
}
$.type = function( obj ) {
    return obj == null ?
            String( obj ) :
            class2type[ core_toString.call(obj) ] || "object";
};
jQuery.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object".split(" "), function(i, name) {
    class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase();
});
// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones and store in cache
function createOptions( options ) {
    var object = optionsCache[ options ] = {};
    jQuery.each( options.split( core_rspace ), function( _, flag ) {
        object[ flag ] = true;
    });
    return object;
};
//$.Callbacks( ‘once memory unique stopOnFalse‘  );
jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) {
    // Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed
    // (we check in cache first)
    options = typeof options === "string" ?
            ( optionsCache[ options ] || createOptions( options ) ) :
            jQuery.extend( {}, options );

    var // Last fire value (for non-forgettable lists)
            memory,
    // Flag to know if list was already fired
            fired,
    // Flag to know if list is currently firing
            firing,
    // First callback to fire (used internally by add and fireWith)
            firingStart,
    // End of the loop when firing
            firingLength,
    // Index of currently firing callback (modified by remove if needed)
            firingIndex,
    // Actual callback list
            list = [],
    // Stack of fire calls for repeatable lists
            stack = !options.once && [],
    // Fire callbacks
            fire = function( data ) {
                //如果有memory我们会把传进来的参数保存;
                memory = options.memory && data;
                //触发的标志;
                fired = true;
                //如果有memory的callback对象执行过了, 会有firingStart;
                firingIndex = firingStart || 0;
                firingStart = 0;
                firingLength = list.length;
                //callback已经触发过后的标志;
                firing = true;
                for ( ; list && firingIndex < firingLength; firingIndex++ ) {
                    //return false的时候就不走了
                    if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( data[ 0 ], data[ 1 ] ) === false && options.stopOnFalse ) {
                        memory = false; // To prevent further calls using add
                        break;
                    }
                };
                firing = false;
                if ( list ) {
                    if ( stack ) {
                        if ( stack.length ) {
                            fire( stack.shift() );
                        }
                    } else if ( memory ) {
                        list = [];
                    } else {
                        self.disable();
                    }
                }
            },
    //通过闭包, 保存局部变量, 返回self;
    // Actual Callbacks object
            self = {
                // Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list
                add: function() {
                    if ( list ) {
                        // First, we save the current length
                        var start = list.length;

                        // 如果传进来的是[fn, fn1, fn2 , [fn3, fn4, fn5, fn6]]会把数组扁平化哦
                        // Array.prototype.concat.apply([],[1,2,3,[4,5]]); 你懂得....;
                        (function add( args ) {
                            jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) {
                                //
                                if ( jQuery.isFunction( arg ) && ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) ) {
                                    list.push( arg );
                                } else if ( arg && arg.length ) {
                                    // Inspect recursively
                                    add( arg );
                                }
                            });
                        })( arguments );
                        // Do we need to add the callbacks to the
                        // current firing batch?
                        // 对定制选项的额外处理;
                        if ( firing ) {
                            firingLength = list.length;
                            // With memory, if we‘re not firing then
                            // we should call right away
                        } else if ( memory ) {
                            firingStart = start;
                            fire( memory );
                        }
                    }
                    return this;
                },
                // Remove a callback from the list
                remove: function() {
                    //没list就不玩了;
                    if ( list ) {
                        jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) {
                            var index;
                            while( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) {
                                list.splice( index, 1 );
                                // Handle firing indexes
                                // 对定制选项的额外处理;
                                if ( firing ) {
                                    if ( index <= firingLength ) {
                                        firingLength--;
                                    }
                                    if ( index <= firingIndex ) {
                                        firingIndex--;
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        });
                    }
                    return this;
                },
                // Control if a given callback is in the list
                has: function( fn ) {
                    return jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1;
                },
                // Remove all callbacks from the list
                empty: function() {
                    list = [];
                    return this;
                },
                // Have the list do nothing anymore
                disable: function() {
                    list = stack = memory = undefined;
                    return this;
                },
                // Is it disabled?
                disabled: function() {
                    return !list;
                },
                // Lock the list in its current state
                lock: function() {
                    stack = undefined;
                    if ( !memory ) {
                        self.disable();
                    }
                    return this;
                },
                // Is it locked?
                locked: function() {
                    return !stack;
                },
                // Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments
                fireWith: function( context, args ) {
                    args = args || [];
                    args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ];
                    if ( list && ( !fired || stack ) ) {
                        if ( firing ) {
                            stack.push( args );
                        } else {
                            fire( args );
                        }
                    }
                    return this;
                },
                // Call all the callbacks with the given arguments
                fire: function() {
                    self.fireWith( this, arguments );
                    return this;
                },
                // To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once
                fired: function() {
                    return !!fired;
                }
            };

    return self;
};

//接着, 来参考一下jQ的延迟对象 , 原文地址在:http://www.cnblogs.com/lovesueee/archive/2012/10/18/2730287.html;
jQuery.extend({

    Deferred: function( func ) {
        // 数据元组集
        // 每个元组分别包含一些与当前deferred相关的信息:
        // 分别是:触发回调函数列表执行(函数名),添加回调函数(函数名),回调函数列表(jQuery.Callbacks对象),deferred最终状态(第三组数据除外)
        // 总体而言,三个元组会有对应的三个callbacklist对应于doneList, failList, processList
        // 对于jQuery.Callbacks对象,可以看之前的文章http://www.cnblogs.com/lovesueee/archive/2012/10/18/2729829.html
        var tuples = [
                    // action, add listener, listener list, final state
                    [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "resolved" ],
                    [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "rejected" ],
                    [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks("memory") ]
                ],
        // deferred的状态,分为三种:pending(初始状态), resolved(解决状态), rejected(拒绝状态)
                state = "pending",
        // promise对象,主要有两点作用:
        // 1. 在初始化deferred对象时,promise对象里的方法都会被extend到deferred中去
        // 2. 那么,生成的deferred对象里必然引用了promise对象的promise方法,所以当调用deferred.promise()时,
        //    deferred对象会通过闭包返回promise对象,这就是所谓的受限制的deferred对象(用deferred2表示),因为相比之前,
        //    返回的deferred2不在拥有resolve(With), reject(With), notify(With)这些能改变deferred对象状态并且执行callbacklist的方法了
                promise = {

                    // 返回闭包里的内部state(外部只读)
                    state: function() {
                        return state;
                    },

                    // 同时在doneList和failList的list里添加回调函数(引用)
                    // 那么不论deferred最终状态是resolved还是rejected, 回调函数都会被执行,这就是所谓的always
                    always: function() {
                        deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments );
                        return this;
                    },

                    // jQuery.then()会创建一个新的受限制的deferred对象
                    // 有点复杂,下面我有画一个图帮忙理解
                    then: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) {
                        var fns = arguments;
                        // 创建新的受限制的deferred对象(称作newDeferrred),并返回
                        // 利用返回的deferred对象就可以做很多事了,你懂的
                        return jQuery.Deferred(function( newDefer ) {
                            /*
                             var tuples = [
                             // action, add listener, listener list, final state
                             [ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "resolved" ],
                             [ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "rejected" ],
                             [ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks("memory") ]
                             ]
                             */
                            jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
                                var action = tuple[ 0 ],
                                        fn = fns[ i ];
                                // >>>> 很重要的一点就是:then这个方法是新建一个deferred,然后把当前deferred的done, fail progress三个依次添加新deferred, 并把这个deferred返回; <<<<

                                // deferred[ done | fail | progress ] for forwarding actions to newDefer
                                // 分别为deferred的三个callbacklist添加回调函数,根据fn的是否是函数,分为两种情况:
                                // 1.不是函数的情况(如值为undefined或者null等),直接链接到newDeferred的resolve(reject,notify)方法,也就是说
                                //   newDeferrred的执行依赖外层的调用者deferred的状态或者说是执行动作(resolve还是reject或者是notify)
                                //   此时deferred.then()相当于将自己的callbacklist和newDeferred的callbacklist连接起来了,故可以在newDeferred
                                //   中大做文章
                                // 2.是函数的情况,根据返回值(称作returnReferred)是否是deferred对象,又可以分为两种情况:
                                //   2.1 返回值是deferred对象,那么在returnReferred对象的三个回调函数列表中添加newDeferred的resolve(reject,notify)方法
                                //       也就是说newDeferrred的执行依赖returnDeferred的状态
                                //   2.2 返回值不是deferred对象,那么将返回值returned作为newDeferred的参数并将从外层deferred那边的上下文环境作为newDeferred
                                //       的执行上下文,然后执行对应的回调函数列表,此时newDeferrred的执行依赖外层的调用者deferred的状态

                                //deferred.done(fn), deferred.fail(fn), deferred.progress(fn);
                                deferred[ tuple[1] ]( jQuery.isFunction( fn ) ?
                                    //传进来的是函数的情况下, 函数可能不返回, 也可能返回一个延迟对象;;
                                        function() {
                                            //这行传进来的参数, 利用闭包, fn是这个闭包的变量;
                                            var returned = fn.apply( this, arguments );
                                            //又返回了一个延迟对象的话, 我们再把这个新的延迟对象的resolve和reject和notify放到这个deferred;
                                            if ( returned && jQuery.isFunction( returned.promise ) ) {
                                                returned.promise()
                                                        .done( newDefer.resolve )
                                                        .fail( newDefer.reject )
                                                        .progress( newDefer.notify );
                                            } else {
                                                //这个函数返回的不是延迟对象, 把这个fn的返回值作为参数触发newDefer;
                                                newDefer[ action + "With" ]( this === deferred ? newDefer : this, [ returned ] );
                                            }
                                        } :
                                        newDefer[ action ]
                                );
                            });
                            fns = null;
                        }).promise();
                    },

                    promise: function( obj ) {
                        return typeof obj === "object" ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise;
                    }
                },
        // 实际返回的deferred对象
                deferred = {};

        // Keep pipe for back-compat
        // pipe和then引用同一个函数,所以功能是一样的
        // 只不过通常的用法是:会用pipe进行filter操作
        promise.pipe = promise.then;

        // Add list-specific methods
        // 通过上面定义的数据元组集来扩展一些方法
        jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
            //就是callback了;
            var list = tuple[ 2 ],
            //resolved, rejected
                    stateString = tuple[ 3 ];

            // promise[ done | fail | progress ] = list.add
            // 给上面的promise对象添加done,fail,process方法
            // 这三个方法分别引用三个不同jQuery.Callbacks对象的add方法(不是同一个引用),
            // 那么这三个方法的用途就是向各自的回调函数列表list(各自闭包中)中添加回调函数,互不干扰
            promise[ tuple[1] ] = list.add;

            // Handle state
            // 通过stateString有值这个条件,预先向doneList,failList中的list添加三个回调函数
            // doneList : [changeState, failList.disable, processList.lock]
            // failList : [changeState, doneList.disable, processList.lock]
            // changeState 指的是下面首先添加的一个改变deferred对象的匿名函数
            // 可以看的出: 不论deferred对象最终是resolve(还是reject),在首先改变对象状态之后,都会disable另一个函数列表failList(或者doneList)
            // 然后lock processList保持其状态,最后执行剩下的之前done(或者fail)进来的回调函数
            // 当然了,上述情况processList除外
            if ( stateString ) {
                // 一旦触发就会把这个闭包的姿态字符串保存的state里面去;
                list.add(function() {
                    // state = [ resolved | rejected ]
                    state = stateString;

                    // [ reject_list | resolve_list ].disable; progress_list.lock
                }, tuples[ i ^ 1 ][ 2 ].disable, tuples[ 2 ][ 2 ].lock );
            }

            // deferred[ resolve | reject | notify ] = list.fire
            // 给deferred对象添加resolve(With), reject(With), notify(With)方法
            // 这三个方法分别引用三个不同jQuery.Callbacks对象的fire方法;
            deferred[ tuple[0] ] = list.fire;
            deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ] = list.fireWith;
        });

        // jQuery.extend( deferred, promise );
        // 将上面的promise对象extend进deferred中
        promise.promise( deferred );

        // Call given func if any
        // 如果调用jQuery.Deferred(func)指定了参数,那么调用func并设置func的上下文和参数均为deferred
        // 在jQuery.then()中有用到这一点
        if ( func ) {
            func.call( deferred, deferred );
        }

        // All done!
        // 返回最终的deferred对象
        return deferred;
    },

    //suborinate:部属;部下,下级的意思,
    when: function( subordinate /* , ..., subordinateN */ ) {
        var i = 0,
        // 首先将arguments伪数组转换为真正的数组
                resolveValues = core_slice.call( arguments ),
                length = resolveValues.length,

        // the count of uncompleted subordinates
        // jQuery.isFunction( subordinate.promise )用来判断subordinate是否是deferred对象
        // 1. 在参数个数等于1的情况下:
        //   1.1 如果参数是deferred对象,那么remaining = length, 这是remaining就是1嘛
        //   1.2 否则remaining为0
        // 2. 在参数不等于1(即等于0或者大于1)的情况:remaining = length
                remaining = length !== 1 || ( subordinate && jQuery.isFunction( subordinate.promise ) ) ? length : 0,

        // the master Deferred. If resolveValues consist of only a single Deferred, just use that.
        // 到这里就可以知道:如果参数个数仅为1个,并且是deferred对象,那么就无需再生成deferred对象
                deferred = remaining === 1 ? subordinate : jQuery.Deferred(),

        // Update function for both resolve and progress values
                updateFunc = function( i, contexts, values ) {
                    // 这里返回一个函数作为一个callback完全是为了创建一个闭包,主要是为了保持i的值
                    return function( value ) {
                        // 保存各个deferred执行的上下文,也就是说之后whenDeferred的回调函数的上下文就是一个数组
                        contexts[ i ] = this;
                        // 保存各个deferred执行时的参数,之后传递给whenDeferred的回调函数
                        // 此时values的值有原先的jQuery.when()传进来的参数变为各个deferred执行回调时的参数了,也就是说覆盖了
                        values[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? core_slice.call( arguments ) : value;
                        if( values === progressValues ) {
                            deferred.notifyWith( contexts, values );
                            //所有的defer都执行了以后remaining就等于0了;
                        } else if ( !( --remaining ) ) {
                            // 时机成熟,即所有延迟都resolve,执行whenDeferred的回调函数
                            deferred.resolveWith( contexts, values );
                        }
                    };
                },

                progressValues, progressContexts, resolveContexts;

        // add listeners to Deferred subordinates; treat others as resolved
        // 如果参数个数大于1,那么就是说有可能存在多个deferred对象
        // 这时需要一些条件判断以保证是所有的deferred对象都resolve了,再执行whenDeferred的resolve
        // 或者当有一个deferred对象reject了,whenDeferred的reject
        if ( length > 1 ) {
            progressValues = new Array( length );
            progressContexts = new Array( length );
            resolveContexts = new Array( length );
            for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
                // 如果是deferred对象, 为每一个promise添加update,失败就执行返回deferred的fail列表;
                if ( resolveValues[ i ] && jQuery.isFunction( resolveValues[ i ].promise ) ) {
                    // 给每个参数(deferred对象)添加最后的回调,用来检查此时的状态

                    resolveValues[ i ].promise()
                        // 用于当每一个deferred对象resolve回来,用updateFunc返回的函数检查此时其他deferred对象的状态(即此时remaining是否等于0了)
                        //updateFunc是一个闭包, 他把i传进去了, 只有then().done()或者then().promise()有返回值, promise(),或者是done是没有返回值的;
                            .done( updateFunc( i, resolveContexts, resolveValues ) )
                        // 如果有一个deferred对象reject,whenDeferred将执行reject
                            .fail( deferred.reject )
                        //updateFunc又是一个闭包, ;
                            .progress( updateFunc( i, progressContexts, progressValues ) );
                    // 如果不是deferred对象,直接--remaining,视为resolve
                } else {
                    --remaining;
                };
            };
        };

        // if we‘re not waiting on anything, resolve the master
        // 如果此时remaining就等与0了,表示没有什么延迟需要等待,那么立即之行whenDeferred的resolveWith
        // 此时resolveContexts为undefined, 这就意味这上下文将为全局的window
        if ( !remaining ) {
            deferred.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues );
        }

        // 返回promise对象;
        return deferred.promise();
    }
});

var df = $.Deferred();
df.done(function(arg){
    console.log(arg);
    console.log(1)
})
df.done(function(arg){
    console.log(arg);
    console.log(2)
});
df.resolve("Deffffffffffrrrrred");

//延迟对象pipe的使用, pipe和then是一样的, 指向同一个函数;
var df = $.Deferred();
df.pipe(function() {
    var closureDf = $.Deferred();
    setTimeout(function(){
        closureDf.resolve("haha")
    },4000);
    console.log(closureDf);
    return closureDf;
}).done(function(arg){alert(1)
            console.log(arg);
        });
df.resolve();

</script>
</body>
</html>

 

   ES6原生的好像支持PROMISE么么哒,O(∩_∩)O哈哈~;

  
参考链接:
  用法:
    阮一峰的jQuery.Deferred对象: http://javascript.ruanyifeng.com/jquery/deferred.html

  Aaron:

    Aaron深入分析延迟对象:http://www.cnblogs.com/aaronjs/p/3356505.html

    Aaron  分析 Deferred概念 :http://www.cnblogs.com/aaronjs/p/3348569.html
  github:
    when的主页: https://github.com/cujojs/when/
    延迟对象cho45: https://github.com/cho45/jsdeferred
  学习实例:
    whenJS的使用方法,来自蛐蛐的个人博客:https://www.imququ.com/post/promises-when-js.html
    教你一步一步实现一个Promise:http://www.cnblogs.com/ygm125/p/3735677.html
  百科:
    promise规范A+: https://promisesaplus.com/
    维基百科的promise/A规范说明:http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Promises/A  ,打开非常慢
    维基百科的promise/B规范说明:http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Promises/B ,打开也非常慢

  

JS搞基指南----延迟对象入门提高资料整理

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原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/lonelyxmas/p/4243202.html

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