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做过windows GUI的同学应该清楚,一般的GUI操作都是基于消息机制的,应用程序维护一个消息队列,开发人员编写对应事件的回调函数就能实现我们想要的操作
其实android系统也和windows GUI一样,也是基于消息机制,今天让我们通过源码来揭开android消息机制的神秘面纱
谈起异步消息,就不能不提及Handler,在安卓中,由于主线程中不能做耗时操作,所以耗时操作必须让子线程执行,而且只能在主线程(即UI线程)中执行UI更新操作,通过Handler发送异步消息,我们就能更新UI,一般的handler的用法如下:
public class TestActivity extends Activity { private Handler mHandler; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_test); final TextView tv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.textView); //创建一个handler对象,重写handleMessage回调函数,在回调函数里面做UI更新操作 mHandler = new Handler() { @Override public void handleMessage(Message msg) { switch (msg.what) { case 0x1: //在这里更新UI Bundle b = msg.getData(); tv.setText(b.getString("textview")); break; default: break; } } }; new Thread(new InnerRunnable()).start(); } private class InnerRunnable implements Runnable { @Override public void run() { //做耗时操作放在这里 //创建一个消息对象 Message msg = Message.obtain(); msg.what = 0x1; //可以用Bundle传递数据 Bundle b = new Bundle(); b.putString("textview", "异步加载"); mHandler.sendMessage(msg); } } }
我们简要归纳一下Handler的常规使用方法:
1、在UI线程创建Handler对象,并重写handler的handlerMessage回调函数,可以在回调函数里面做UI更新操作
2、子线程完成耗时操作后,创建Message对象,用Message对象保存结果
3、在子线程通过handler对象调用sendMessage函数发送消息,这样UI线程收到消息后,获取数据,就可以更新UI
是不是很简单,那现在让我们一步一步来拨开迷雾,看清android异步消息本质
先简要介绍会涉及的组件:
Handler:消息发送者
Looper:消息循环,负责从MessageQueue获取消息,并处理
Message: 消息,可以存放数据
MessageQueue : 消息队列,负责存/取消息
从上面的例子我们得知,要使用Handler必须要先在UI线程创建一个Handler对象,那么我们通过源码查看Handler构造函数,代码位于: com.google.android / android/os/Handler.java,(因为源码较多,所以以下代码截图只包含关键代码)
public class Handler { final MessageQueue mQueue; final Looper mLooper; final Callback mCallback; final boolean mAsynchronous; IMessenger mMessenger; public Handler() { this(null, false); } public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) { if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) { final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass(); if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) && (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) { Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " + klass.getCanonicalName()); } } mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); if (mLooper == null) { throw new RuntimeException( "Can‘t create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()"); } mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; mCallback = callback; mAsynchronous = async; } }
文章开头例子中创建Handler使用了无参构造函数版本,但内部最终调用了Handler(Callback callback, boolean async)构造函数
在Handler(Callback callback, boolean async)代码开始,先检查FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS开关(该开关默认关闭),若该开关打开,则检查Handler所在类是否为匿名类/成员类或局部类时,并且该类是否是static的,如果不是static的,则输出Log提示使用者Handler类不为static可能会导致内存泄露,至于为什么会造成内存泄露,这里先卖个关子
调用Looper.myLooper()获取Looper对象,然后通过mQueue = mLooper.mQueue和Looper对象中的消息队列关联
那么跟进Looper.myLooper看看,代码位于: com.google.android / android/os/Looper.java
public final class Looper { static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>(); private static Looper sMainLooper; // guarded by Looper.class final MessageQueue mQueue; final Thread mThread; public static void prepare() { prepare(true); } private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) { if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) { throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread"); } sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed)); } public static Looper myLooper() { return sThreadLocal.get(); } private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) { mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed); mThread = Thread.currentThread(); } }
Looper.myLooper()仅仅是返回一个线程副本,从代码得知,实际创建Looper对象的函数为Looper.paepare(),该函数创建Looper对象后存放到线程本地存储
Looper的构造函数为private,我们只能通过Looper.myLooper获取Looper对象,而创建Looper对象时,会创建一个消息队列
这样我们现在明白了handler创建相关的工作,现在让我们来看看子线程发送消息的处理机制
当子线程发送传递消息时,调用了handler对象的sendMessage函数
public class Handler { final MessageQueue mQueue; final Looper mLooper; final Callback mCallback; final boolean mAsynchronous; IMessenger mMessenger; public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg){ return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0); } public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis){ if (delayMillis < 0) { delayMillis = 0; } return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis); } public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { MessageQueue queue = mQueue; if (queue == null) { RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue"); Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e); return false; } return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis); } private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { msg.target = this; if (mAsynchronous) { msg.setAsynchronous(true); } return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis); } }
根据上面的调用关系链:sendMessage->sendMessageDelayed->sendMessageAtTime->enqueueMessage;可以看到最终sendMessage最终只做了两件事情:
1、通过msg.target = this把Message对象和当前Handler对象关联
2、把消息放到handler中Looper对象的MessageQueue中
消费消息位于Looper.loop函数中
public final class Looper { public static void loop() { final Looper me = myLooper(); if (me == null) { throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn‘t called on this thread."); } final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue; // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process, // and keep track of what that identity token actually is. Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); for (;;) { Message msg = queue.next(); // might block if (msg == null) { // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting. return; } // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger Printer logging = me.mLogging; if (logging != null) { logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback + ": " + msg.what); } msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); if (logging != null) { logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback); } // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the // identity of the thread wasn‘t corrupted. final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); if (ident != newIdent) { Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x" + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x" + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to " + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " " + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what); } msg.recycle(); } } }
Looper.loop函数:
1、通过 final Looper me = myLooper()获取当前线程的Looper对象
2、消息循环中, 通过Message msg = queue.next()获取队列中的消息,若没有消息则阻塞
3、调用msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)处理消息
4、处理完毕后调用msg.recycle()回收消息
根据上面代码可得知实际处理消息的是msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg),那我们来看看msg.target到底是什么东西
public final class Message implements Parcelable { /*package*/ int flags; /*package*/ long when; /*package*/ Bundle data; /*package*/ Handler target; /*package*/ Runnable callback; // sometimes we store linked lists of these things /*package*/ Message next; private static final Object sPoolSync = new Object(); private static Message sPool; private static int sPoolSize = 0; private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50; public static Message obtain() { synchronized (sPoolSync) { if (sPool != null) { Message m = sPool; sPool = m.next; m.next = null; sPoolSize--; return m; } } return new Message(); } public void recycle() { clearForRecycle(); synchronized (sPoolSync) { if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) { next = sPool; sPool = this; sPoolSize++; } } } }
原来msg.target是一个handler对象,而最终调用的是handler的dispatchMessage函数来处理消息
public class Handler { final MessageQueue mQueue; final Looper mLooper; final Callback mCallback; final boolean mAsynchronous; IMessenger mMessenger; public interface Callback { public boolean handleMessage(Message msg); } public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) { if (msg.callback != null) { handleCallback(msg); } else { if (mCallback != null) { if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) { return; } } handleMessage(msg); } } }
根据以下代码可以得知消息处理的步骤如下:
1、先判断Message的callback对象是否为空,不为空则回调Message对象的callback对象的函数(可以再创建Message时指定Callback)
2、如果创建Handler的Callback对象不为空,那么则调用Callback对象的handlerMessage函数
3、若没指定Handler的Callback或者Handler中Callback对象的handlerMessage函数调用失败,则回调handlerMessage,而这个handlerMessage函数正是我们创建handler时重写的函数
至此我们明白安卓异步消息的内部机制:
1、子线程通过handler向UI线程Looper中MessageQueue发送message
2、Looper处理消息时再回调handler中定义的回调
至此用一张图总结android异步消息机制(网上找的,凑合看):
所以要让一个线程要想成为消息处理线程,那么必须得有Looper才行,可能此时你会疑惑,为什么UI线程没有创建Looper却也能接收Handler发送来的消息?
其实,APP初始化过程中,android会自动帮UI线程创建Looper对象,代码位于:com.google.android / android/app/ActivityThread.java
public final class ActivityThread { public static void main(String[] args) { SamplingProfilerIntegration.start(); // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs. CloseGuard.setEnabled(false); Environment.initForCurrentUser(); // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter()); Security.addProvider(new AndroidKeyStoreProvider()); Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>"); Looper.prepareMainLooper(); ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread(); thread.attach(false); if (sMainThreadHandler == null) { sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler(); } AsyncTask.init(); if (false) { Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread")); } Looper.loop(); throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited"); } }
可以看到调用了Looper.prepareMainLooper()为主线程创建Looper,最后调用Looper.loop进行消息循环
通过分析源码,可以得知:
1、如果主线程和子线程,或者子线程同子线程通信,可以调用Looper.prepare()为Looper.loop()为子线程创建消息队列,再通过handler就可以非常简单的实现线程间通信
2、创建Message对象,一定要用Message.obtain()函数代替new Message()来创建消息,因为Looper处理完消息后,会调用 msg.recycle()函数把Message归还到消息池中,使用Message.obtain会先从消息池中获取,若没有才会创建新的Message,这样可以避免重复创建Message对象
3、Handler所在类必须是static类,因为非static内部类会隐式的持有外部类的引用,假如延时操作还未执行完成时就关闭Activity,因为handler持有Activity的引用,那么Activity就不会被及时回收而造成内存泄露
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原文地址:http://my.oschina.net/u/1155515/blog/378460