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转自:http://my.oschina.net/chihz/blog/180573
之前在做Java的时候,异常对象默认就包含stacktrace相关的信息,通过异常对象的相关方法printStackTrace()和 getStackTrace()等方法就可以取到异常栈信息,能打印到log辅助调试或者做一些别的事情。但是到了Python,在2.x中,异常对象可 以是任何对象,经常看到很多代码是直接raise一个字符串出来,因此就不能像Java那样方便的获取异常栈了,因为异常对象和异常栈是分开的。而多数 Python语言的书籍上重点在于描述Python中如何构造异常对象和raise try except finally这些的使用,对调试程序起关键作用的stacktrace往往基本上不怎么涉及。
python中用于处理异常栈的模块是traceback模块,它提供了print_exception、format_exception等输出异常栈等常用的工具函数。
def func(a, b): return a / b if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: import sys import traceback try: func(1, 0) except Exception as e: print "print exc" traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stdout)
输出结果:
print exc
Traceback (most recent call last):
File
"./teststacktrace.py"
, line 7,
in
<module>
func(1, 0)
File
"./teststacktrace.py"
, line 2,
in
func
return
a / b
def func(a, b): return a / b if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: import sys import traceback try: func(1, 0) except Exception as e: print "print_exception()" exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = sys.exc_info() print ‘the exc type is:‘, exc_type print ‘the exc value is:‘, exc_value print ‘the exc tb is:‘, exc_tb traceback.print_exception(exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb)
输出结果:
print_exception()
the exc
type
is: <
type
‘exceptions.ZeroDivisionError‘
>
the exc value is: integer division or modulo by zero
the exc tb is: <traceback object at 0x104e7d4d0>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File
"./teststacktrace.py"
, line 7,
in
<module>
func(1, 0)
File
"./teststacktrace.py"
, line 2,
in
func
return
a / b
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
traceback模块提供了extract_tb函数来更加详细的解释traceback对象所包含的数据:
def func(a, b): return a / b if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: import sys import traceback try: func(1, 0) except: _, _, exc_tb = sys.exc_info() for filename, linenum, funcname, source in traceback.extract_tb(exc_tb): print "%-23s:%s ‘%s‘ in %s()" % (filename, linenum, source, funcname)
输出结果:
samchimac:tracebacktest samchi$ python .
/teststacktrace
.py
.
/teststacktrace
.py :7
‘func(1, 0)‘
in
<module>()
.
/teststacktrace
.py :2
‘return a / b‘
in
func()
如果平时开发喜欢基于log的方式来调试,那么可能经常去做这样的事情,在log里面发现异常之后,因为信息不足,那么会再去额外加一些debug log来把相关变量的值输出。调试完毕之后再把这些debug log去掉。其实没必要这么麻烦,Python库中提供了cgitb模块来帮助做这些事情,它能够输出异常上下文所有相关变量的信息,不必每次自己再去手 动加debug log。
cgitb的使用简单的不能想象:
def func(a, b): return a / b if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: import cgitb cgitb.enable(format=‘text‘) import sys import traceback func(1, 0)
运行之后就会得到详细的数据:
A problem occurred
in
a Python script. Here is the sequence of
function
calls leading up to the error,
in
the order they occurred.
/Users/samchi/Documents/workspace/tracebacktest/teststacktrace
.py
in
<module>()
4
import
cgitb
5 cgitb.
enable
(
format
=
‘text‘
)
6
import
sys
7
import
traceback
8 func(1, 0)
func = <
function
func>
/Users/samchi/Documents/workspace/tracebacktest/teststacktrace
.py
in
func(a=1, b=0)
2
return
a / b
3
if
__name__ ==
‘__main__‘
:
4
import
cgitb
5 cgitb.
enable
(
format
=
‘text‘
)
6
import
sys
a = 1
b = 0
也许你会问,cgitb为什么会这么屌?能获取这么详细的出错信息?其实它的工作原理同它的使用方式一样的简单,它只是覆盖了默认的sys.excepthook函数,sys.excepthook是一个默认的全局异常拦截器,可以尝试去自行对它修改:
def func(a, b): return a / b def my_exception_handler(exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb): print "i caught the exception:", exc_type while exc_tb: print "the line no:", exc_tb.tb_lineno print "the frame locals:", exc_tb.tb_frame.f_locals exc_tb = exc_tb.tb_next if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: import sys sys.excepthook = my_exception_handler import traceback func(1, 0)
输出结果:
i caught the exception: <
type
‘exceptions.ZeroDivisionError‘
>
the line no:
14
the frame
locals
: {
‘my_exception_handler‘
: <function my_exception_handler at
0x100e04aa0
>,
‘__builtins__‘
: <module
‘__builtin__‘
(built
-
in
)>,
‘__file__‘
:
‘./teststacktrace.py‘
,
‘traceback‘
: <module
‘traceback‘
from
‘/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/traceback.pyc‘
>,
‘__package__‘
:
None
,
‘sys‘
: <module
‘sys‘
(built
-
in
)>,
‘func‘
: <function func at
0x100e04320
>,
‘__name__‘
:
‘__main__‘
,
‘__doc__‘
:
None
}
the line no:
2
the frame
locals
: {
‘a‘
:
1
,
‘b‘
:
0
}
在使用Java的时候,用log4j记录异常很简单,只要把Exception对象传递给log.error方法就可以了,但是在Python中就不行了,如果直接传递异常对象给log.error,那么只会在log里面出现一行异常对象的值。
在Python中正确的记录Log方式应该是这样的:
logging.exception(ex)
logging.error(ex, exc_info
=
1
)
# 指名输出栈踪迹, logging.exception的内部也是包了一层此做法
logging.critical(ex, exc_info
=
1
)
# 更加严重的错误级别
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原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/sowhat1/p/4718391.html