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FCM算法

时间:2015-08-17 00:54:58      阅读:229      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

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  之前有看过关于FCM算法的资料,接下来的这几天我就自己学到的一些东西与大家分享~

一 FCM算法概述

     FCM算法的全称是模糊C均值聚类算法,和K-means算法同属于聚类算法,但却有着本质的区别,就其命名而言,模糊二字无疑是该算法的重点,下面就先简单介绍一下:

1. 隶属度和模糊集

  隶属度函数用来描述元素x属于一个集合B的程度,假定为UB(x),其中x为B中的任意元素,UB(x)的取值范围为[0,1]。在隶属度函数的基础上,称空间上X={x}上的隶属度函数为一个模糊集合。

2. 模糊聚类分析

  传统的聚类分析是把每个元素严格的划分到一个类中,属于硬划分。模糊聚类分析将聚类生成的每个簇均看做模糊集合,通过隶属度来确定聚类关系,是一种柔性划分,得到元素属于各个簇的不确定性程度,使得聚类结果更加准确灵活,因此,模糊聚类分析逐渐成为聚类分析的主流。

3.FCM

      FCM算法是将N个L维向量分为C个模糊组,通过迭代不断更新隶属度以及聚类中心,最小化目标函数对数据进行聚类。

其中,目标函数为:

              技术分享

约束条件为:

                   技术分享

根据隶属度的非负性,有技术分享。这里,m指的是模糊加权系数,它的值大于1;d(xi,vc)表示的是第i个数据点与第c个聚类中心的欧式距离;uic是隶属度矩阵中的元素,且[0,1];vc是对应于每个聚类的聚类中心。

为了求含有约束条件的目标函数的极值,引入拉格朗日因子构造新的目标函数:

                     技术分享

对于目标函数求极值的最优化条件如下:

       技术分享

从而得到隶属度和聚类中心的计算公式为:

          技术分享                                 

根据上述公式不断迭代求出满足条件的隶属度以及聚类中心。具体的FCM算法步骤如下:

首先,给定一个由N个L维向量组成的数据集X以及所要分得的类别个数C,自定义隶属度矩阵技术分享

(1)设定类别的个数C和模糊系数m;

(2)?初始化隶属度矩阵且满足公式(2)中的归一化条件;

(3)根据公式(5)计算聚类中心;

(4)根据公式(4)更新隶属度矩阵;

(5)根据矩阵范数比较迭代的隶属度矩阵,如果技术分享,迭代停止,否则返回(3)。

 

二 MATLAB实现

根据上述公式及步骤,采用MATLAB实现,具体如下:

(1)选取UCI数据库中的wine数据实现,代码:

 

clear all
clc;
%% 导入数据
load wine.txt;
cluster_n=6;

data = wine;
data(:,1) = [];
data(:,size(data,2)) = [];
data_n = size(data, 1); %数据的个数 
in_n = size(data, 2);% 数据维数

%% 定义变量
default_options = [10;    % 隶属度函数的幂次方
        300;    % 最大迭代次数
        1e-5;    %步长
        1];    % 判定条件

options = default_options;
expo = options(1);        % Exponent for U 隶属度函数的幂次方
max_iter = options(2);        % Max. iteration 最大迭代次数
min_impro = options(3);        % Min. improvement  最小进化步长
display = options(4);        % Display info or not 显示信息与否
obj_fcn = zeros(max_iter, 1);    % Array for objective function

tic
%% 初始化隶属度矩阵并归一
U = rand(cluster_n, data_n); %rand()产生随机矩阵 
col_sum = sum(U);
U = U./col_sum(ones(cluster_n, 1), :);%归一化

%% 开始迭代
for i = 1:max_iter,%迭代次数控制
    tic
    mf = U.^expo;      % MF matrix after exponential modification
    center = mf*data./((ones(size(data, 2), 1)*sum((mf)))); % 建立新的聚类中心
   
       out = zeros(size(center, 1), size(data, 1));  %每个点到每个中心的距离,行数为中心数
     
        if size(center, 2) > 1,%样本的维数大于一执行以下程序
            for k = 1:size(center, 1),%给K赋值
                abc = ((data-ones(size(data,1),1) * center(k,:)).^2);
                  out(k, :) = sqrt(sum(abc));%得到欧氏距离
            end
       else    % 1-D data
            for k = 1:size(center, 1),
                  out(k, :) = abs(center(k)-data);
            end
        end
   
    obj_fcn(i) = sum(sum((out.^2).*mf));  % 目标函数
    tmp = out.^(-2/(expo-1));      % 根据新的隶属度矩阵求解公式求出
    U= tmp./(ones(cluster_n, 1)*sum(tmp));  % 新的隶属度矩阵

    if display, 
        fprintf(Iteration count = %d, obj. fcn = %f\n, i, obj_fcn(i));
        %输出迭代次数和函数的结果
    end
    % check termination condition
    if i > 1,  %进化步长控制
        if abs(obj_fcn(i) - obj_fcn(i-1)) < min_impro, break; end,
    end
    toc
end
toc

plot(U(1,:),-ro);
grid on
hold on
plot(U(2,:),-g*);
plot(U(3,:),-b+);

ylabel(Membership degrees)
legend(FCM1,FCM2,FCM3,location,northeast);

toc

 

结果如下:

        技术分享

 

(2)选取一张MRI图像,进行图像分割,代码如下:

 

clear all 
clc;

a=imread(MRI.jpg);
I=imnoise(a,salt & pepper,0.05);
figure(1);           
 imshow(I);title(加噪图像);

[height,width,c]=size(a);
if c~=1
    a=rgb2gray(a);
end

a=double(a);
[row,column]=size(a); 
data = a(:);
data_n = size(data,1);
       
cluster_num = 4;
default_options = [2.0;    % 隶属度函数的幂次方
        300;    % 最大迭代次数
        1e-5;    %步长
        1];    % 判定条件

options = default_options;


expo = options(1);        % Exponent for U 隶属度函数的幂次方
max_iter = options(2);        % Max. iteration 最大迭代次数
min_impro = options(3);        % Min. improvement  最小进化步长
display = options(4);        % Display info or not 显示信息与否

obj_fcn = zeros(max_iter, 1);    % Array for objective function
membership = zeros(height,width,cluster_num);
center = zeros(cluster_num,1);

tic
% 初始化隶属度并归一
for i=1:height 
    for j=1:width
        member_sum=0;
        for k=1:cluster_num
            membership(i,j,k)=rand();
            member_sum = member_sum + membership(i,j,k);
        end        
        for p =1:cluster_num
            membership(i,j,p) = membership(i,j,p) / member_sum;
        end
    end
end

tic
for i = 1:max_iter,%迭代次数控制
    mf = membership.^expo;     
    %%%%%%%%建立聚类中心
    for m = 1:cluster_num
        to = 0;
        tp =0;
        for j = 1:height
            for t = 1:width
                to = to + membership(j,t,m) * a(j,t);
                tp = tp + membership(j,t,m);
            end
        end
        center(m,1) = to / tp; 
    end
    
    %%%%%%%得到欧式距离以及目标函数
    out = zeros(height,width,cluster_num);
    for m =1:height
        for j =1:width
            for t = 1:cluster_num
                out(m,j,t) = abs(a(m,j) - center(t,1));
                obj_fcn(i) = obj_fcn(i) + (membership(m,j,t).^expo) * (out(m,j,t).^2);
            end
        end
    end
    
    for m = 1:height
        for j = 1:width
            for r = 1:cluster_num
                top =0;
                for t = 1:cluster_num
                    top = top + (out(m,j,r) / out(m,j,t)).^(expo - 1);
                end
                membership(m,j,r) = 1 / top;
            end
        end
    end
    
    %%%%%%归一化隶属度
    for m=1:height 
        for j = 1:width
            member_sum = 0;
            for k = 1:cluster_num
                member_sum = member_sum + membership(m,j,k);
            end
            for p = 1:cluster_num
                membership(m,j,p) = membership(m,j,p) / member_sum;
            end
        end
    end
          
     if display, 
        fprintf(Iteration count = %d, obj. fcn = %f\n, i, obj_fcn(i));
        %输出迭代次数和函数的结果
    end
    % check termination condition
    if i > 1,  %进化步长控制
        if abs(obj_fcn(i) - obj_fcn(i-1)) < min_impro, break; end,
    end
end
toc

%%%%%%证得如自定义图像中的MCR不能计算,故在此继续尝试直接用newing和A相比较

A = ones(height,width,1);
for i = 1:height
    for j = 1:width
        if (fix(a(i,j) / 85) == 1)
            A(i,j,1) = 2;
        end
        if (fix(a(i,j) / 85) == 2)
            A(i,j,1) = 3;
        end
        if (fix(a(i,j,1) / 85) == 3)
            A(i,j,1) = 4;
        end
    end
end    
A = reshape(A,1,data_n);

  newing = zeros(row,column);
for i=1:row
    for j=1:column         
        maxmembership=membership(i,j,1);
        index=1;
        for k=2:cluster_num            
            if(membership(i,j,k)>maxmembership)
                maxmembership=membership(i,j,k);
                index=k;
            end
        end
        newing(i,j) = round(255 * (1-(index-1)/(cluster_num-1)));
    end 
end

B = reshape(newing,1,data_n);
b = fix((max(B) - B(1,1)) / cluster_num);
for i = 2:data_n
    if B(1,i) == B(1,1)
        B(1,i) = 1;
    elseif (fix(B(1,i) / b) == 2)
        B(1,i) = 2;
    elseif (fix(B(1,i) / b)  == 3)
        B(1,i) = 3;
    else
        B(1,i) = 4;
    end
end
B(1,1) = 1;

sum = 0;
for i = 1:data_n
    if ( A(1,i) ~= B(1,i))
        sum = sum + 1;
    end
end
MCR = sum / data_n;
fprintf(MCR = %d\n,MCR);

S = 0;
for i = 1:data_n
    S = S + (A(1,i) - B(1,i)).^2;
end

RMS = sqrt(S / (data_n * (data_n -1)));
fprintf(RMS = %d\n,RMS);

figure(2);
imshow((uint8(newing)));
title(FCM分割后的图像);   

 

结果如下:

           技术分享                技术分享

(3)还可以自定义图像进行测试,代码如下:

clear all
clc;

image = zeros(96,96); 

for i = 1:58
    for j = 49:96
        image(i,j) = 75;
    end
end

for i = 59:77
    for j = 1:96
        image(i,j) = 50;
    end
end

for i = 78:96
    for j = 1:48
        image(i,j) = 50;
    end
end

for i = 78:96
    for j = 49:96
        image(i,j) = 25;
    end
end

a = image;

noise = uint8(image);
noise = imnoise(noise,gaussian,100 / (255 * 255));
figure(1);
imagesc(noise);
colormap(gray);
title(加噪图像);

[height,width,c]=size(a);
if c~=1
    a=rgb2gray(a);
end

a=double(a);
[row,column]=size(a); 
data = a(:);
data_n = size(data,1);

cluster_num = 4;
default_options = [10;    % 隶属度函数的幂次方
        300;    % 最大迭代次数
        1e-5;    %步长
        1];    % 判定条件

options = default_options;


expo = options(1);        % Exponent for U 隶属度函数的幂次方
max_iter = options(2);        % Max. iteration 最大迭代次数
min_impro = options(3);        % Min. improvement  最小进化步长
display = options(4);        % Display info or not 显示信息与否

obj_fcn = zeros(max_iter, 1);    % Array for objective function
membership = zeros(height,width,cluster_num);
center = zeros(cluster_num,1);

tic
% 初始化隶属度并归一
for i=1:height 
    for j=1:width
        member_sum=0;
        for k=1:cluster_num
            membership(i,j,k)=rand();
            member_sum = member_sum + membership(i,j,k);
        end        
        for p =1:cluster_num
            membership(i,j,p) = membership(i,j,p) / member_sum;
        end
    end
end

tic
for i = 1:max_iter,%迭代次数控制
    mf = membership.^expo;     
    %%%%%%%%建立聚类中心
    for m = 1:cluster_num
        to = 0;
        tp =0;
        for j = 1:height
            for t = 1:width
                to = to + membership(j,t,m) * a(j,t);
                tp = tp + membership(j,t,m);
            end
        end
        center(m,1) = to / tp; 
    end
    
    %%%%%%%得到欧式距离以及目标函数
    out = zeros(height,width,cluster_num);
    for m =1:height
        for j =1:width
            for t = 1:cluster_num
                out(m,j,t) = abs(a(m,j) - center(t,1));
                obj_fcn(i) = obj_fcn(i) + (membership(m,j,t).^expo) * (out(m,j,t).^2);
            end
        end
    end
    
    for m = 1:height
        for j = 1:width
            for r = 1:cluster_num
                top =0;
                for t = 1:cluster_num
                    top = top + (out(m,j,r) / out(m,j,t)).^(expo - 1);
                end
                membership(m,j,r) = 1 / top;
            end
        end
    end
    
    %%%%%%归一化隶属度
    for m=1:height 
        for j = 1:width
            member_sum = 0;
            for k = 1:cluster_num
                member_sum = member_sum + membership(m,j,k);
            end
            for p = 1:cluster_num
                membership(m,j,p) = membership(m,j,p) / member_sum;
            end
        end
    end
          
     if display, 
        fprintf(Iteration count = %d, obj. fcn = %f\n, i, obj_fcn(i));
        %输出迭代次数和函数的结果
    end
    % check termination condition
    if i > 1,  %进化步长控制
        if abs(obj_fcn(i) - obj_fcn(i-1)) < min_impro, break; end,
    end
end
toc
 A = ones(height,width,1);
for i = 1:height
    for j = 1:width
        if (a(i,j) == 75)
            A(i,j,1) = 2;
        end
        if (a(i,j) == 50)
            A(i,j,1) = 3;
        end
        if (a(i,j,1) == 25)
            A(i,j,1) = 4;
        end
    end
end    
A = reshape(A,1,data_n);

  B = ones(row,column,1);
for i=1:row
    for j=1:column       
        maxmembership=membership(i,j,1);
        for k=2:cluster_num            
            if(membership(i,j,k)>maxmembership)
                maxmembership = membership(i,j,k);
                B(i,j,1)=k;
            end
        end
    end
end

B = reshape(B,1,data_n);

t = MCR(A,B);

%输出图像
  newing = zeros(row,column);
for i=1:row
    for j=1:column         
        maxmembership=membership(i,j,1);
        index=1;
        for k=2:cluster_num            
            if(membership(i,j,k)>maxmembership)
                maxmembership=membership(i,j,k);
                index=k;
            end
        end
        newing(i,j) = round(255 * (1-(index-1)/(cluster_num-1)));
    end 
end
figure(2);
imagesc(uint8(newing));
colormap(gray);
title(FCM分割后的图像);    

结果如下:

        技术分享                   技术分享

 

结果分析:

综上所示,计算得出误分类率为38.9%,所以说此算法还是准确率还有待提高。且当数据的特征复杂集合较大时,算法的实时性不是很可观;与许多聚类算法一样,FCM选择欧氏距离作为样本点与相应聚类中心之间的非相似性指标,致使算法趋向于发现具有相近尺度和密度的球星簇。

 

 

 今天就先到这儿,之后将进一步对算法进行优化~

 

 

FCM算法

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原文地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/ybjourney/p/4735335.html

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