C++ STL中有许多非变易算法，这些算法不破坏操作数据，用来对序列数据进行逐个处理(for_each)、元素查找(find)、子序列搜索(find_first_of)、统计和匹配(count和mismatch)等。非变易算法在实现各种大型复杂一点的算法的时候比较方便，而且比较稳定，这也是STL本身固有的特点。主要列出以下几种，参考了叶志军的那本《C++ STL开发技术导引》，同时也结合网站Cplusplus.com(http://www.cplusplus.com/)，查看其实现的原理，以及在C++98和C++11两个版本中的区别和变化，以便于做到全方位地学习，主要以C++11为主。例子大部分是书上的例子，这里摆出来主要是为了后期用了想不起来的时候可以回头看一下，呵呵。
for_each函数对迭代器区间的每个元素进行循环操作，执行由单参数函数对象f所定义的操作。函数原型为：
UnaryFunction for_each(InputIteratorfirst,InputIterator last, UnaryFunction f)
在C++ Reference
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/algorithm/for_each/?kw=for_each
上可以看到起实现的源码如下：
// Applies function fn to each of the elements in the range [first,last).
template<class InputIterator, class Function>
Function for_each(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Function fn)
{
while (first!=last) {
fn (*first);
++first;
}
return fn; // or, since C++11: return move(fn);
}
在C++98和C++11中，该函数的变化不大。
可以清楚地看到并没有修改任何数据，只是执行得函数fn会改动数据。
下面的示例程序将 list 链表容器的元素，调用 for_each 算法函数，通过 print 函数对象，将各个链表的元素乘以3后打印，并输出元素个数。
#include<iostream>
#include<list>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
struct print{
int count;
print(){count=0;}
void operator()(int x)
{
cout<<3*x<<endl;
count++;
}
};
int main()
{
list<int> l;
l.push_back(1);
l.push_back(2);
l.push_back(3);
print p=for_each(l.begin(),l.end(),print());
cout<<p.count<<endl;
return 0;
}
该函数用于查找等于某值的元素。如果迭代器i所指的元素满足*i == value，则返回迭代器i。未找到满足条件的元素，返回last。只要找到第一个满足条件的元素就返回迭代器位置，不再继续查找。其实现的原理也很明显。
template<class InputIterator, class T>
InputIterator find (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val)
{
while (first!=last) {
if (*first==val) return first;
++first;
}
return last;
}
下面的示例程序查找容器list中，第一个值为6的元素，打印元素位置及其前一元素。
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<list>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
list<int> l;
l.push_back(1);
l.push_back(5);
l.push_back(6);
l.push_back(19);
list<int>::iterator i=find(l.begin(),l.end(),6);
if(i!=l.end())
{
cout<<"找到元素6"<<endl;
}
cout<<"前一个元素为"<<*(--i)<<endl;
return 0;
}
该函数是find的一个谓词判断版本，查找满足谓词判断函数的元素。
函数原型为：
template <class InputIterator, classUnaryPredicate>
InputIterator find_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last,UnaryPredicate pred);
实现原理：
// Returns an iterator to the first element in the range [first,last) for which pred returns true. If no such element is found, the function returns last.
template<class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
InputIterator find_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
while (first!=last) {
if (pred(*first)) return first;
++first;
}
return last;
}
下面的实例程序将寻找容器vector中第一个能被5整除的元素。
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
bool divBy5(int x)
{
return x%5?0:1;
}
int main()
{
vector<int> v(10);
for(int j=0;j<v.size();j++)
v[j]=(j+1)*(j+3);
vector<int>::iterator i;
i=find_if(v.begin(),v.end(),divBy5);
if(i!=v.end())
cout<<"找到第一个能被5整除的元素:"<<*i<<endl
<<"索引位置为:"<<i-v.begin()<<endl;
return 0;
}
adjacent_find顾名思义，寻找邻近的意思。该函数用于查找相等或满足条件的邻近元素对。它有两个使用原型，一个用于查找相等的两个连续元素，另一个使用二元谓词判断，查找满足条件的邻近元素对。
函数原型：
template <class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator adjacent_find (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
template <class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator adjacent_find (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
BinaryPredicate pred);
// Searches the range [first,last) for the first occurrence of two consecutive elements that match, and returns an iterator to the first of these two elements, or last if no such pair is found.
实现原理：
template <class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator adjacent_find (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last)
{
if (first != last)
{
ForwardIterator next=first; ++next;
while (next != last) {
if (*first == *next) // or: if (pred(*first,*next)), for version (2)
return first;
++first; ++next;
}
}
return last;
}
下面的例子用于寻找容器中相等的元素和奇偶性相同的元素。
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<list>
using namespace std;
bool parity_equal(int x,int y){
return (x-y)%2==0 ? 1:0;
}
int main()
{
list<int> l;
l.push_back(3);
l.push_back(6);
l.push_back(9);
l.push_back(11);
l.push_back(20);
l.push_back(20);
list<int>::iterator i=adjacent_find(l.begin(),l.end());
if(i!=l.end())
{
cout<<"发现两个邻接的元素相等："<<*i<<" ";
i++;
cout<<*i<<endl;
}
i=adjacent_find(l.begin(),l.end(),parity_equal);
if(i!=l.end())
{
cout<<"发现两个奇偶性相同的元素："<<*i<<" ";
i++;
cout<<*i;
}
return 0;
}
该函数用于查找某个范围之内的元素。它有两个使用原型，一个是相等，另一个是二元谓词判断。元素找到则返回迭代器，否则返回末位置。该函数在C++98和C++11在传入的参数上有稍微的变化，C++98中要求传入的第一个迭代区间必须是前向迭代器ForwardIterator，而C++11没这个要求，下面的函数原型是C++11的函数原型。
template <class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
InputIterator find_first_of (InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1,
ForwardIterator first2, ForwardIterator last2);
template <class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
InputIterator find_first_of (InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1,
ForwardIterator first2, ForwardIterator last2,
BinaryPredicate pred);
//Returns an iterator to the first element in the range [first1,last1) that matches any of the elements in [first2,last2). If no such element is found, the function returns last1.
template<class InputIterator, class ForwardIterator>
InputIterator find_first_of ( InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1,
ForwardIterator first2, ForwardIterator last2)
{
while (first1!=last1) {
for (ForwardIterator it=first2; it!=last2; ++it) {
if (*it==*first1) // or: if (pred(*it,*first)) for version (2)
return first1;
}
++first1;
}
return last1;
}
下面的例子显示字符串1第一个出现在字符串2中的字符。
#include<iostream>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char* str1="abceefgh7ijklmn";
char* str2="zyx3pr7yst";
char* rs=find_first_of(str1,str1+strlen(str1),str2,str2+strlen(str2));
cout<<"str1第一个出现在str2的字符为："
<<*rs<<endl;
return 0;
}
该函数用于计算容器中某个给定值的出现次数。它有两个使用原型，区别在于计数是直接返回还是引用返回。
template <class InputIterator, class T>
typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type
count (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val);
Returns the number of elements in the range [first,last) that compare equal to val.
The function uses operator== to compare the individual elements to val.
template <class InputIterator, class T>
typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type
count (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& val)
{
typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type ret = 0;
while (first!=last) {
if (*first == val) ++ret;
++first;
}
return ret;
}
例子统计数字在数组中出现的次数(Cplusplus.com上的例子)
// count algorithm example
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::count
#include <vector> // std::vector
int main () {
// counting elements in array:
int myints[] = {10,20,30,30,20,10,10,20}; // 8 elements
int mycount = std::count (myints, myints+8, 10);
std::cout << "10 appears " << mycount << " times.\n";
// counting elements in container:
std::vector<int> myvector (myints, myints+8);
mycount = std::count (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), 20);
std::cout << "20 appears " << mycount << " times.\n";
return 0;
}
该函数使用谓词判断函数，统计迭代器区间上满足条件的元素个数。它有两个使用原型，区别在与计数是直接返回还是引用返回。
template <class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type
count_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred);
Return number of elements in range satisfying condition
Returns the number of elements in the range [first,last) for which pred is true.
template <class InputIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type
count_if (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred)
{
typename iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type ret = 0;
while (first!=last) {
if (pred(*first)) ++ret;
++first;
}
return ret;
}
统计奇数出现的次数
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <algorithm> // std::count_if
#include <vector> // std::vector
bool IsOdd (int i) { return ((i%2)==1); }
int main () {
std::vector<int> myvector;
for (int i=1; i<10; i++) myvector.push_back(i); // myvector: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
int mycount = count_if (myvector.begin(), myvector.end(), IsOdd);
std::cout << "myvector contains " << mycount << " odd values.\n";
return 0;
}
该函数用于比较两个序列，找出首个不匹配元素的位置。它有两个使用原型，分别为不相等和不满足二元谓词条件。该函数还涉及到pair的使用。
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
mismatch (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2);
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
mismatch (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
Compares the elements in the range [first1,last1) with those in the range beginning at first2, and returns the first element of both sequences that does not match.
The elements are compared using operator== (or pred, in version (2)).
The function returns a pair of iterators to the first element in each range that does not match.
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
mismatch (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2 )
{
while ( (first1!=last1) && (*first1==*first2) ) // or: pred(*first1,*first2), for version 2
{ ++first1; ++first2; }
return std::make_pair(first1,first2);
}
例子是比较两个整型容器，并找出不匹配的数字。
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> v1,v2;
v1.push_back(1);
v1.push_back(1);
v1.push_back(2);
v2.push_back(1);
v2.push_back(1);
v2.push_back(3);
pair<vector<int>::iterator,vector<int>::iterator> rs=mismatch(v1.begin(),v1.end(),v2.begin());
if(rs.first==v1.end()&&rs.second==v2.end())
{
cout<<"v1、v2完全相同";
}
else
{
cout<<"v1、v2不同"<<v1[rs.first-v1.begin()]<<" "
<<v2[rs.second-v2.begin()]<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
该函数逐一比较两个序列的元素是否相等，返回值为true/false，不返回迭代器值。它有两个使用原型，分别为元素相等和二元谓词判断条件。
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool equal (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2);
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
bool equal (InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
Compares the elements in the range [first1,last1) with those in the range beginning at first2, and returns true if all of the elements in both ranges match.
The elements are compared using operator== (or pred, in version (2)).
template <class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool equal ( InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2 )
{
while (first1!=last1) {
if (!(*first1 == *first2)) // or: if (!pred(*first1,*first2)), for version 2
return false;
++first1; ++first2;
}
return true;
}
下面的例子用于比较两容器中数字绝对值是否相等。
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
bool absEqual(int a,int b)
{
return abs(a) == abs(b) ? 1 : 0;
}
int main()
{
vector<int> v1(5);
vector<int> v2(5);
for(int i=0;i<v1.size();i++)
{
v1[i]=i;
v2[i]=-1*i;
}
if(equal(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), absEqual)) {
cout << "v1 v2绝对值完全相等" << endl;
} else {
cout << "v1 v2绝对值不完全相等" << endl;
}
return 0;
}
该函数在一个序列中搜索与另一序列匹配的子序列。它有两个使用原型，分别为完全匹配和二元谓词判断。匹配成功则返回子序列的首个元素的迭代器值。
search函数与find_first_of函数形似，但不相同。search找的是一块相同的区域，要求这块区域与后面列表的元素及其顺序相同；find_first_of找的是一个元素，只要这个元素是后面一个列表的任意一个就行。
template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1 search (ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1 search (ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
BinaryPredicate pred);
Searches the range [first1,last1) for the first occurrence of the sequence defined by [first2,last2), and returns an iterator to its first element, or last1 if no occurrences are found.
The elements in both ranges are compared sequentially using operator== (or pred, in version (2)): A subsequence of [first1,last1) is considered a match only when this is true for all the elements of [first2,last2).
This function returns the first of such occurrences. For an algorithm that returns the last instead, see find_end. 在C++11中，If [first2,last2) is an empty range, the function returns first1.而在C++98中，If [first2,last2) is an empty range, the result is unspecified.
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1 search ( ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2)
{
if (first2==last2) return first1; // specified in C++11
while (first1!=last1)
{
ForwardIterator1 it1 = first1;
ForwardIterator2 it2 = first2;
while (*it1==*it2) { // or: while (pred(*it1,*it2)) for version 2
++it1; ++it2;
if (it2==last2) return first1;
if (it1==last1) return last1;
}
++first1;
}
return last1;
}
下面的例子指出二者的区别。
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main(void) {
vector<int> v1, v2;
v1.push_back(1);
v1.push_back(4);
v1.push_back(2);
v1.push_back(3);
v1.push_back(4);
v2.push_back(2);
v2.push_back(3);
v2.push_back(4);
vector<int>::iterator ivSearch, ivFind;
ivSearch = search(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end());
ivFind = find_first_of(v1.begin(), v1.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end());
cout << "Position of search: " << ivSearch - v1.begin() << endl;//打印2
cout << "Position of find_first_of: " << ivFind - v1.begin() << endl;//打印1
return 0;
}
template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
ForwardIterator search_n (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Size count, const T& val);
template <class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator search_n ( ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Size count, const T& val, BinaryPredicate pred );
Searches the range [first,last) for a sequence of count elements, each comparing equal to val (or for which pred returns true).
The function returns an iterator to the first of such elements, or last if no such sequence is found.
template<class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
ForwardIterator search_n (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Size count, const T& val)
{
ForwardIterator it, limit;
Size i;
limit=first; std::advance(limit,std::distance(first,last)-count);
while (first!=limit)
{
it = first; i=0;
while (*it==val) // or: while (pred(*it,val)) for the pred version
{ ++it; if (++i==count) return first; }
++first;
}
return last;
}
//向量内统计数字出现次数。
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
int main(){
using namespace std;
//初始化向量v={1, 8, 8, 8, 6, 6, 8}
vector<int> v;
v.push_back(1);
v.push_back(8);
v.push_back(8);
v.push_back(8);
v.push_back(6);
v.push_back(6);
v.push_back(8);
//查找子序列{8, 8, 8}
vector<int>::iterator iLocation;
iLocation=search_n(v.begin(), v.end(), 3, 8);
if(iLocation != v.end())
cout << "在v中找到3个连续的元素8" << endl;
else
cout << "v中没有3个连续的元素8" << endl;
//查找子序列{8, 8, 8, 8}
iLocation=search_n(v.begin(), v.end(), 4, 8);
if(iLocation != v.end())
cout << "在v中找到4个连续的元素8" << endl;
else
cout << "v中没有4个连续的元素8" << endl;
//查找子序列{6, 6}
iLocation=search_n(v.begin(), v.end(), 2, 6);
if(iLocation != v.end())
cout << "在v中找到2个连续的元素6" << endl;
else
cout << "v中没有2个连续的元素6" << endl;
return 0;
}
该函数用于在一个序列中搜索出最后一个与另一序列匹配的子序列。用search函数作用相似，方向相反。
template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1 find_end (ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
template <class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1 find_end (ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
BinaryPredicate pred);
Searches the range [first1,last1) for the last occurrence of the sequence defined by [first2,last2), and returns an iterator to its first element, or last1 if no occurrences are found.
The elements in both ranges are compared sequentially using operator== (or pred, in version (2)): A subsequence of [first1,last1) is considered a match only when this is true for all the elements of [first2,last2).
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1 find_end (ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2)
{
if (first2==last2) return last1; // specified in C++11
ForwardIterator1 ret = last1;
while (first1!=last1)
{
ForwardIterator1 it1 = first1;
ForwardIterator2 it2 = first2;
while (*it1==*it2) { // or: while (pred(*it1,*it2)) for version (2)
++it1; ++it2;
if (it2==last2) { ret=first1; break; }
if (it1==last1) return ret;
}
++first1;
}
return ret;
}
在C++11中，If [first2,last2) is an empty range, the function returns last1.
在C++98中，If [first2,last2) is an empty range, the result is unspecified.
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main(void) {
vector<int> v, v2;
//v={1,3,5,4,3,5,7}
v.push_back(1);
v.push_back(3);
v.push_back(5);
v.push_back(3);
v.push_back(5);
v.push_back(7);
//v2={3,5}
v2.push_back(3);
v2.push_back(5);
vector<int>::iterator iv = find_end(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end());
if(iv != v.end()) {
cout<< iv - v.begin() << endl;//3
}
return 0;
}
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原文地址：http://blog.csdn.net/u011000290/article/details/47831455
