从需求出发并不是一句空话,在开发过程中也是如此。
从需求出发,实质上是暗合了极限编程和测试驱动开发的一些思想。
鉴于网站开发是一个比较流行的方向,我打算从一个网站开始,阐述一下自己对“需求驱动开发“的理解,并将其引申到一个更广泛的领域。
首先,我们假设一个需求:
我们需要实现一个类似google的网站,用户通过web浏览器访问,在首页输入框中查询,返回搜索的结果。
效果如下图所示:
STEP 0,通过eclipse创建一个web项目:sitefromscratch,文件结构如图所示:
在WebRoot下新增一个jsp文件:
<%@ page pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> </head> <body> <h1>search it!</h1> <form action="" method="get"> <input type="text" value="site from scratch" name="keywords" /> <input type="submit" value="search!" /> </form> <table border="1" bordercolor="grey" > <tr> <td>result 1</td><td>something..................</td> </tr> <tr> <td>result 1</td><td>something..................</td> </tr> <tr> <td>result 1</td><td>something..................</td> </tr> <tr> <td>result 1</td><td>something..................</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
通过浏览器访问 /sitefromscratch/search1.jsp 可以得到和目标一致的效果。
STEP 2,通过界面所展示的内容,我们可以大致估计出所需要的数据以及其格式,让我们加入少量的代码实现同样的效果:
<%@ page pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <%@page import="java.util.List"%> <%@page import="java.util.ArrayList"%> <%! class Result { String title; String content; public Result(String title, String content) { this.title = title; this.content = content; } } %> <% String keywords = "site from scratch"; List results = new ArrayList(); results.add(new Result("result 1", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 2", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 3", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 4", "something..................")); %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> </head> <body> <h1>search it!</h1> <form action="" method="get"> <input type="text" value="<%=keywords %>" name="keywords" /> <input type="submit" value="search!" /> </form> <% if(!results.isEmpty()) { %> <table border="1" bordercolor="grey" > <% for(int i = 0; i < results.size(); i++) { Result result = (Result)results.get(i); %> <tr> <td><%=result.title %></td><td><%=result.content %></td> </tr> <% } %> </table> <% } %> </body> </html>
STEP 3,现在,该把提交、查询、结果展示的流程走通了:
<%@ page pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <%@page import="java.util.List"%> <%@page import="java.util.ArrayList"%> <%! class Result { public String title; public String content; public Result(String title, String content) { this.title = title; this.content = content; } } public List search(String keywords) { List results = new ArrayList(); results.add(new Result("result 1", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 2", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 3", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 4", "something..................")); return results; } %> <% String keywords = request.getParameter("keywords"); if(keywords == null) keywords = ""; List results = search(keywords); %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> </head> <body> <h1>search it!</h1> <form action="" method="get"> <input type="text" value="<%=keywords %>" name="keywords" /> <input type="submit" value="search!" /> </form> <% if(!results.isEmpty()) { %> <table border="1" bordercolor="grey" > <% for(int i = 0; i < results.size(); i++) { Result result = (Result)results.get(i); %> <tr> <td><%=result.title %></td><td><%=result.content %></td> </tr> <% } %> </table> <% } %> </body> </html>
STEP 4,接着,为了保持页面的简洁,我们把定义的类和方法提取出来,用包组织起来:
package cn.com.sitefromscrath.entity; public class Result { public String title; public String content; public Result(String title, String content) { this.title = title; this.content = content; } }
package cn.com.sitefromscrath.service; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import cn.com.sitefromscrath.entity.Result; public class SearchService { public List search(String keywords) { List results = new ArrayList(); results.add(new Result("result 1", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 2", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 3", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 4", "something..................")); return results; } }
不出意料,SearchService.java 和 Result.java的代码就是直接从search.jsp中copy过去的。
值得一提的是,我们新增了一个BeanFactory类,作为工厂模式的一个实现,它简单的通过指定的ID所对应的类返回产生的实例。
如下所示:
package cn.com.sitefromscrath; import cn.com.sitefromscrath.service.SearchService; public class BeanFactory { public static Object getBean(String id) { if("searchService".equals(id)) { return new SearchService(); } throw new RuntimeException("cannot find the bean with id :" + id); } }
现在,jsp文件的内容看起来简洁多了:
<%@ page pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <%@page import="java.util.List"%> <%@page import="cn.com.sitefromscrath.service.SearchService"%> <%@page import="cn.com.sitefromscrath.BeanFactory"%> <%@page import="cn.com.sitefromscrath.entity.Result"%> <% String keywords = request.getParameter("keywords"); if(keywords == null) keywords = ""; SearchService searchService = (SearchService)BeanFactory.getBean("searchService"); List results = searchService.search(keywords); %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> </head> <body> <h1>search it!</h1> <form action="" method="get"> <input type="text" value="<%=keywords %>" name="keywords" /> <input type="submit" value="search!" /> </form> <% if(!results.isEmpty()) { %> <table border="1" bordercolor="grey" > <% for(int i = 0; i < results.size(); i++) { Result result = (Result)results.get(i); %> <tr> <td><%=result.title %></td><td><%=result.content %></td> </tr> <% } %> </table> <% } %> </body> </html>
STEP 5,听说MVC是个很高科技的东西,我们也来实现一下:
package cn.com.sitefromscrath.web; import java.io.IOException; import java.util.List; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; import cn.com.sitefromscrath.BeanFactory; import cn.com.sitefromscrath.service.SearchService; public class SearchServlet extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { doPost(request, response); } public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { String keywords = request.getParameter("keywords"); if(keywords == null) keywords = ""; SearchService searchService = (SearchService)BeanFactory.getBean("searchService"); List results = searchService.search(keywords); request.setAttribute("keywords", keywords); request.setAttribute("results", results); request.getRequestDispatcher("/search5.jsp").forward(request, response); } }
新增一个jsp文件,search5.jsp,作为视图层。
<%@ page pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <%@page import="java.util.List"%> <%@page import="cn.com.sitefromscrath.entity.Result"%> <% String keywords = (String)request.getAttribute("keywords"); List results = (List)request.getAttribute("results"); %> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> </head> <body> <h1>search it!</h1> <form action="" method="get"> <input type="text" value="<%=keywords %>" name="keywords" /> <input type="submit" value="search!" /> </form> <% if(!results.isEmpty()) { %> <table border="1" bordercolor="grey" > <% for(int i = 0; i < results.size(); i++) { Result result = (Result)results.get(i); %> <tr> <td><%=result.title %></td><td><%=result.content %></td> </tr> <% } %> </table> <% } %> </body> </html>
web.xml中配置:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app version="2.4" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd"> <servlet> <servlet-name>SearchServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>cn.com.sitefromscrath.web.SearchServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>SearchServlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/search</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> </web-app>
binggo,效果跟目标无差!
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嗯,到这里,我们到底达到了什么目的?数据还是假的啊,有这个必要吗?有这个必要吗?
看看,葛大爷已经被拍了一脸血了,我希望您还没到这地步。
到了这一步,我们其实完成了跟前端页面制作人员的握手协议:
您写js的也好,html5的也好,随便整,我返回的数据格式和内容您也看见了,就这样,格式不会变,内容也不会出错。数据怎么嵌,那是您的事儿,俺就不伺候了。
关于”内容不会出错“这句,补充一点儿,这是指的前端页面人员(也许是你自己兼任)无需启动一大堆复杂的应用程序,比如mysql、memcache,就能调试自己的html或者js代码,同时,也避免了其他异常(数据库down了,数据表毁坏了,网络断了,memcache连接不上了等等等等)对前端开发的干扰。
特别是debug阶段,如果你不能确保哪些是正确的,你就无法找到错误的。
很多程序员在debug排查某个问题的时候,最常犯的错误就是迷失在一大堆的模块中间,找不到出路,造成这种情况的根本原因就在于:在当事人看来,每个模块都是可疑的,不确定的。要么猜要么一个个查,精力和时间就此白白浪费。
而对于后端开发人员来说,现在面临的就只剩一个任务:让下面的类方法返回真实的业务结果吧。
package cn.com.sitefromscrath.service; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import cn.com.sitefromscrath.entity.Result; public class SearchService { public List search(String keywords) { List results = new ArrayList(); results.add(new Result("result 1", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 2", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 3", "something..................")); results.add(new Result("result 4", "something..................")); return results; } }
to be continued...
原文地址:http://blog.csdn.net/deltatang/article/details/38070527