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/*
* Set up default settings. If the configuration file exist, the values
* there will have precedence. Otherwise, the server address is set to
* INADDR_ANY and the default domain name comes from the gethostname().
*
* An interrim version of this code (BIND 4.9, pre-4.4BSD) used 127.0.0.1
* rather than INADDR_ANY ("0.0.0.0") as the default name server address
* since it was noted that INADDR_ANY actually meant ``the first interface
* you "ifconfig"‘d at boot time‘‘ and if this was a SLIP or PPP interface,
* it had to be "up" in order for you to reach your own name server. It
* was later decided that since the recommended practice is to always
* install local static routes through 127.0.0.1 for all your network
* interfaces, that we could solve this problem without a code change.
*
* The configuration file should always be used, since it is the only way
* to specify a default domain. If you are running a server on your local
* machine, you should say "nameserver 0.0.0.0" or "nameserver 127.0.0.1"
* in the configuration file.
*
* Return 0 if completes successfully, -1 on error
*/
安装默认设置。如果配置文件存在，这些值将会有优先级顺序。否则，服务器地址将被设置成INADDR_ANY（0.0.0.0）并且默认域名来自gethostname().这些代码的一个中间的过渡版本(BIND 4.9, pre-4.4BSD)使用127.0.0.1而不是INADDR_ANY（0.0.0.0）作为默认的域名服务器地址因为很显然INADDR_ANY总是意味着在启动阶段你ifconfig的第一个接口，并且如果他是一个SLIP或者PPP接口的话，他还必须是up的来让你访问到你自己的域名服务器。接下来决定了既然推荐的实践是总是通过127.0.0.1为所有你的网络接口安装本地静态路由，我们可以通过不改动代码来解决这个问题。
配置文件应该一直被使用，因为他是指定一个默认域名的唯一方法。如果你正在你的本地机器上运行一个服务器，你应该写nameserver 0.0.0.0或者nameserver 127.0.0.1在配置文件中。
完全正确返回0 错误返回-1
/*
* These three fields used to be statically initialized. This made
* it hard to use this code in a shared library. It is necessary,
* now that we‘re doing dynamic initialization here, that we preserve
* the old semantics: if an application modifies one of these three
* fields of _res before res_init() is called, res_init() will not
* alter them. Of course, if an application is setting them to
* _zero_ before calling res_init(), hoping to override what used
* to be the static default, we can‘t detect it and unexpected results
* will follow. Zero for any of these fields would make no sense,
* so one can safely assume that the applications were already getting
* unexpected results.
*
* _res.options is tricky since some apps were known to diddle the bits
* before res_init() was first called. We can‘t replicate that semantic
* with dynamic initialization (they may have turned bits off that are
* set in RES_DEFAULT). Our solution is to declare such applications
* "broken". They could fool us by setting RES_INIT but none do (yet).
*/
这三个域被用来静态的初始化。这使得它很难在共享库中使用。这是必要的，既然我们正在做动态初始化那么我们，那我们就要保持旧的语义：如果应用程序在调用res_init（）之前修改了这三个_res域的一个的话，res_init()将不会改变他们。当然，如果一个应用程序在调用 res_init()之前将他们设置成0，来希望覆盖静态默认的配置，那么我们将不会检测到并且意想不到的结果会发生。0对于这些域来说没有任何意义，所以你可以大胆的假设应用已经得到不可预料的结果。
_res.options有点棘手因为有些apps已知已经在调用res_init之前颠倒了这些bits。我们不能用动态初始化来复制这些语义（他们可能在RES_DEFAULT将这些位关闭了）。我们的解决方案是声明这些应用程序broken。他们可以愚弄我们通过设置RES_INIT，但是没有人这样做。
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原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/flintlovesam/p/5193812.html
